Zappos Case free essay sample

Discussion Questions: 1. What is the business of Zappos and what are its critical success factors (CSF’s)? [lists] Business: The business of Zappos is to sell shoes online, and provide relative customer service. Critical Success Factors: -The spirit of adventure -Best customer service -Use of Information and Technology -Unique way to keep the workers -The spread of the business culture 2. Please complete the following table. Identify the key information systems and the related IT infrastructure investments that enable Zappos’ core business processes: Core Business Process Information Systems IT Infrastructure supplier management [an example response is attached; feel free to add to, modify or delete this example and create your own response] customer orders processing system customer returns processing system procurement system online, eCommerce Platform online, eCommerce Platform supplier extranet sales/order processing Customer orders processing system Online, eCommerce Platform order fulfillment and distribution Procurement system Customer orders Processing system Tracking system Procurement system Online, eCommerce Platform Online supply chain management logistics and warehousing Procurement system Supplier extranet customer servicing Customer orders processing system Customer returns processing system Online, eCommerce platform Online, eCommerce platform human resources management Management system Online financial management Accounting and Financing system Online 3. In what ways does the design of Zappos’ Web site and related services support its business objectives? [list] Zappos embraced Twitter as a valuable tool for building company culture. Meanwhile, Twitter is used to create a more interactive customer community. Zappos also used blogs to interact with customers. Those websites are divided by several parts for visiting the websites in a very easy way. 4. Why did it make sense for Amazon to acquire Zappos? What expertise in terms of information management and the use of IT did Amazon bring to the game that might improve Zappos’ eCommerce competitiveness? [lists] Zappos has earned more revenue year by year, which means it has a lot of growth potential. Zappos built a very positive business culture, which is really successful for its business. Zappos is owning a very strong working team Amazon has a mature management information system, which could help Zappos to contribute the whole business Amazon has a strong contribution on investing the warehouse or the storage, which could give Zappos a more competitive ability in the market.

Francis Bacon and Torture Essay Example

Francis Bacon and Torture Essay Example Francis Bacon and Torture Paper Francis Bacon and Torture Paper Essay Topic: The Scrutiny and Other Poems Francis Bacon and Torture BY ajf2055 Academic Bio: Anthony J. Funari I am currently a doctoral student at Lehigh University and in May will have finished my dissertation, entitled Challenging the Scientific Mind: The Poetic Resistance to Bacons Grand Instauration. My thesis examines the poetry of John Donne, Andrew Marvell, and John Wilmot, the Earl of Rochester, as a site from which is launched a meaningful critique of Francis Bacons scientific program. My research interests include depictions of the natural in seventeenth-century poetry and prose, the rise of the city in Jacobean drama, and ecofeminist criticism. Abstract: This article examines the relevance that Francis Bacons call for humanity to engage in a (re)productive relationship with Nature has for Andrew Marvells The Mowers Song. Rather than viewing Damons realization of his isolation from the meadows as solely due to his emerging sexual feeling for Juliana, this article complicates the Mowers plight by arguing that Damon experiences a tropological shift in how he characterizes Nature. While in Damon, the Mower sexuality appears alien to the natural world, Damon comes to recognize Nature as a sexual entity through his epiction of the grasss growth as luxuriant and the meadows as a participant in a May-game festivity. The transition that Damon experience parallels that which Bacon demands for the sciences. For Bacon, the restoration of humanitys Edenic mastery begins with treating Nature as any woman subject to masculine domination. However, in perceiving Nature through Bacons terms, Marvells protagonist does not discover a path to back Paradise but reenacts the Fall. : On this basis, Marvell problematizes the tropological foundation on which Bacon rests the new science. Companions of My Thoughts More Green: Damons Baconian Sexing of Nature In his essay Of Youth and Age, Bacon expresses anxiety over the youthful mind, which he finds to be impetuous, prone to flights of fancy, and possessing a vitality that must be checked: And yet the invention of young men is more lively than that of old, and imaginations stream into their minds better, and as it were more divinely. Natures that nave much neat, and great and violent desires and perturbations, are not ripe for action till they have passed the meridian of their years. i The danger of the young ind, for Bacon, lies in its susceptibility to the imagination, which provokes the intellect into rashly latching onto its initial thoughts as opposed to subjecting them to sober scrutiny. Bacon appears much concerned over this period in ones intellectual development: though energetic, without the proper guidance and temperance, the youthful mind may fail to act productively. The intellect in this early stage will move hastily, supposing too much from its preliminary impressions: Young men, in conduct and [management] of actions, embrace more than they can hold; stir more than they an quiet; fly to the end, without consideration of the means and degrees; pursue some few principles which they have chanced upon absurdly and, that which doubleth all errors, will not acknowledge or retract them; like an unready horse that will neither stop nor turn. i Here the quintessential aspects of the young mind, as Bacon portrays it, are the lack of order in its thought processes and sense of egotism in its disregard for contrary evidence. Yet, as readers of Bacons Essays are aware, the essays themselves do not offer an unequivocal stance on a topic but rather emonstrate Bacons own unstructured mental explorations. Bacon goes as far as to contradict his opening assessment of the young mind; in citing Joel 2. 28 Wour young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dr eam dreams. ), Bacon posits the notion that the youthful mind itself should be privileged in its being closer to God than the old. Consequently, the mature mind is corrupted through its trafficking in the world of human thought: And certainly, the more a man drinketh of the world, the more it intoxicateth; and age doth profit rather in the powers of understanding than in the virtues of the will and affections. iii In a sense, Bacon here espouses a proto-Romantic idealization of youth, as a moment prior to societys intrusion that obscures ones pristine encounter with the world. Within this brief meditation on the nature of youth, Bacon articulates a primary tension that informs his program of reform for all learning: whether learning should be retrospective, always attempting to recover a past era that was the height of knowledge, or progressive, viewing knowledge as accumulative and successively ameliorating humanitys condition. Though in Of Youth and Age Bacon does not offer a final conclusion on the value f the youthful mind, the corpus of his scientific writings unreservedly advocates for the progressive nature of human learning. Throughout Novum Organum (1620), Bacons foundational treatise of the new philosophy, there is a sustained distrust of youth. In essence, the program that Bacon envisions looks to curb the instinctual habit of the immature mind to leap and fly from particulars to remote and nearly the most general axioms (such as the so-called first principles of arts and of things). iv Bacon portrays his instauration of learning as the transitioning from a young, mpetuous mindset to one more disciplined. In Temporis partus masculus (The Masculine Birth of Time) (1603), one of Bacons earliest espousals of his epistemological reform, the elder guide admonishes his student that he should not feel ready to explore Nature without his guidance yet: But, my son, if I should ask you to grapple immediately with the bewildering complexities of experimental science before your mind has been purged of its idols, beyond a peradventure you would promptly desert your leader. v Without his elderly instructor, the youthful student would succumb to the idols ot the road. Bacon reiterates again and again his conception of youth not as a privileged time of innocence and intellectual/ spiritual clarity but a perilous moment through which one must be carefully guided. Bacons apprehension of youth becomes a pivotal facet of the tropology of his instauration. As Bacon foresees the future path of human learning, the transition from a pre-modern, allegorical worldview to a modern scientifically-based mode of learning parallels the sexual maturation of the male youth. Bacon foresees in the human minds leaving behind its childhood, which he finds represented in the lassical texts, mankinds reclamation of the mastery over Nature once enjoyed in Eden. This mental transition or maturation entails the imperative to sexualize Nature, to perceive the relationship between humanity and Nature as one in which the latter is subject to sexual domination by the former. For Bacon, only when the encounter with Nature is read through the metaphor of sexual reproductionNature is properly read as other and engaged with on a sexually reproductive basis can humanity hope to formulate the type of knowledge so that the mind can exercise its rightful authority over the nature of things. vi For Bacon, when learning enters into a sexually mature adulthood, humanity will prosper in enjoying a return to an Edenic state. Feminist critics of modern science expose the sexism innate in the rhetoric of Baconian scientific knowledge. Carolyn Merchant reveals the implicit sexualizing imagery in transforming Nature into inert material for industrial consumption: The constraints against penetration associated with the earth-mother image were transformed into sanctions for denudation. vii Although recent apologists of Bacon rebut this line of criticism as anachronistically misreading his tropology,viii his cientific treatises bear out the correlation between the emergence of the new science and the entrance into adult male sexuality. In the discussion of Bacons writings below, I trace this analogy through a series of key texts. My intent for revisiting Bacons use of adult male sexuality as a trope for the new science is to identify the conception of sexual/intellectual maturation that Andrew Marvell responds to in the Mowers Song. In this essay, I will read Andrew Marvells Damon, the Mower and The Mowers Songix in the context of the tropology that Bacon grounds the humanitys new engagement with Nature. Critical discussion of Marvells Mower poems centers on his diverging from the pastoral convention of the sympathetic landscape. While the pastoral mode is primarily characterized by the pathetic fallacy between the human subject and Nature, Marvell breaks with this tradition by depicting a dissonance between his protagonist, Damon, and his environment. Particularly, The Mowers Song opens with Damons lament for the loss of the reflective relationship that he once enjoyed with the meadow. i My own reading of Damons isolation contextualizes Marvells revising of the pastoral mode rom one based on harmony with ones environment to one expressing a profound sense of division between the self and other within Bacons scientific instauration. If the Mower poems are a sequence centered on the sexual maturation of a single personality, The Mowers Song presents Damon at the end of this development, nostalgically looking back on a period of unity. ii Damon ultimately experiences sexuality as alien ating, entrapping him in an unfamiliar world in which he can no longer enjoy the unity he once had with the meadows. Beyond Damons isolation, I ind that Marvells pastoral protagonist enacts Bacons a Baconian tropological shitt Damon intellectually transitions from mindset that reads his environment as asexual and reflective of his own inner world to one that sees the meadows as a sexual entity that must be dominated. So far so good, as Bacon would have us understand Damons maturation. However, as opposed to a re-entering of Eden, Damon comes to suffer another Fall. Where Bacon promised to bring knowledge to perfection in charity, for the benefit and use of life, xiii Marvells Damon finds only alienation, anguish, and death in his newly sexualized environment. The tropology that will open up path to ameliorating humanitys physical condition that Bacon espouses,undergirds Baconian science for Damon, leads to his lashing out against the meadows. This reading of Damons alienation from the meadows further builds on and complicates how his crisis is generally understood by scholars. Critics of the Mower poems argue for the intersection between Damons emerging sexuality and his relationship with the meadows. Within this reading, Julianas entrance into Damons world, which becomes the catalyst for his entrance into sexuality, provokes is loss of the harmonious relationship that he once enjoyed with Nature. Robgert N. Watson traces the loss of a symbiotic relationship with Nature to the speakers heterosexual desire. That isFor Watson, the poem acts as an admonishment against men involving themselves with women, who bring with them otherness: The Mower to Glowworms is ostensibly a poem of frustrated love that never in fact mentions love at all. This certainly suggests that something else is at stake; Juliana has displaced his mind, not broken his heart. All the same can be said of The Mowers Song. Again the woman is a marker of otherness e desire for her produces (or reflects) a recognition of a loss of symbiotic presence in the universe that is a perpetual fact for the human creature, despite the impulse to hide it behind a particular erotic betrayal. xiv Likewise, Judith Haber finds that Julianas presence forces Damon into a recognition of his own individuality and separateness: Romantic love makes Damon acutely aware of the separate existence of another; he therefore becomes aware of both his i ndividual isolation and his desire for union. xv For Watson and Haber, then, the sexual awakening that Juliana evokes from Damon leads ocauses Damon to recognize his awareness of her uniqueness from himself, which in turn causes him to perceive his own isolation from his environment. Sexual maturation in Marvells Mower poems brings loneliness. True enough, but I argue that Damons new post-Juliana experience of Nature is more complex. It is not simply that Damon finds himself unconnected to the meadows after encountering Juliana and thus is no longer able to enjoy an easy fantasy of a childish fellowship with Nature, but also that Damon within his post-Juliana perspective sees sex as part of Nature. While I agree with this reading that attributes Damons sense of alienation to his recognition of his sexuality, Damons new post-Juliana experience of Nature, I argue, reflects a profound and complex metaphorical transition. This re-imagining Nature as a sexual entity redefines the dynamic of Damons relationship with his environment: what had once secured his sense of self through a maternal trope now is perceived as Jeopardizing his agency and so must be subdued. This is my intervention into the critical conversation surrounding The Mowers Song: whereas while critics, such as Watson and Haber, read Damons dilemma as merely one in hich sexuality brings otherness and isolation, I posit add to this converstion by positing that Julianas presence and Damons subsequent sexual maturation leads to his perceiving sexuality as an innate facet of his environment. This article then looks to recover The Mowers Song as a space in which Marvell dramatizes the tropological shift that Bacon advocates. and critiques the Baconian shift in the terms through which one encounters Nature. Leaving Behind The Boyhood of Knowledge In Novum, Bacon posits a modern historiography, which puts forth the progressive nature of learning. For Bacon, contemporary knowledge appears stagnant: By contrast [to the mechanical arts] philosophy and the intellectual sciences stand like statues, worshipped and celebrated, but not moved forwards. xvi The Bacon charges humanist veneration of the ancient authors had humanism for turning the intellects perspective forever looking backwards through its veneration of classical authors. Such an epistemological position sought truth in the recovery of ancient learning through philology; that is, the closer one could come linguistically to these past texts, the more one could access a golden age of learning. Much of the agenda that Ba con sets out in his scientific writings advocates for the reorienting of our historical perspectiveoutlook. Rather than what Bacon sees as the humanists nostalgia for antiquity, the disciple of the new science will be focused on the present and future. This reversal of history, in which the past becomes merely prelude to the present, demands a new ontology of truth: As regards authors, it is utterly feeble to grant them so much but to deny his rights to Time, the author of authors and indeed of all authority. For Truth is rightly described as the daughter of Time, not of Authority. Here Bacons iconoclasm is most pronounced: he sets as antithetical time and authority, each one denoting an opposed epistemology. While authority suggests a textual-based learning that discourages deviation from ancient writings, Bacons claim that truth is the daughter of time liberates the mind from obsequious devotion to the past. The knowledge held in the texts of Aristotle and Plato, for Bacon, should no longer be privileged as representing the maturity of human thought. For the worlds old age is its true antiquity and should apply to our own times, not to the worlds youth, when the ancients lived. For their age which our own point of view is ancient and older, from the worlds point of view is new and younger: Bacon reevaluates the past and repositions the early modern seventeenth-century subject not in a diminished present but on the cusp of an era of discovery. Bacon cites recent innovations and the exploration of the New World as evidence for his historiography: And surely it would be disgraceful in a time when regions of the material globe, that is, of earth, the seas and stars, have been opened up far and wide for us to see, if the limits of our intellectual world were restricted to the narrow discoveries of the ncients. xvii The achievements of Columbus and Galileo necessitated a conception of intellectual history as successive, not in decline. xviii In part, Bacon formulates his progressive model of human intellectual history as a rejection of the preoccupation with words as opposed to things, of which Bacon charges Aristotle as being the original instigator. Notably, in The Masculine Birth, Bacons elderly guide commences his diatribe against ancient philosophers with Aristotle, who leads, for Bacon, the human mind awry by turning its attention towards words: Just when the human mind, borne thither by some favoring gale, had found he rest in a littl e truth, this man presumed to cast the closest tetters on our understandings. He composed an art or manual of madness and made us slaves to words. xix As Bacon will develop further throughout his scientific treatises, Aristotles crime of duping the intellect into the belief that words possess an intrinsic connection with Nature confused the subjective and the objective. That is, the minds fixation on words leads to its mistakenly reading the objective world through its own linguistic constructions. Aristotle, rather than holding the venerable position that umanist tradition had placed him in, becomes the origin of humanitys intellectual fall. Likewise, Bacon remarks that the sin that Aristotle had perpetrated on learning is replayed in the humanist infatuation with ancient texts. In The Advancement, Bacon offers a brief synopsis of the rise in the interest of classical learning, which led to a detrimental obsession with words at the expense of empirical knowledge: This grew speedily to an excess; for men began to hunt more after words than matter more after choiceness of the phrase, and the round and clean composition of the sentence, nd the sweet falling of the clause, and the varying and illustrations of their works with tropes and figures, than after the weight of matter, worth of subject, soundness of argument, life of invention, or depth of Judgment. x The danger of linguistic-based learning is the solipsism in which the mind indulges: the precedence that word assumes over the thing itself, the sign over the referent, turns our mental focus inward. Bacon finds in the humanist preoccupation with words Pygmalions frenzy that fetishizes our linguistic constructs: for words are but images of matter, and xcept they have life of reason and invention, to fall in love with them is all one as to fall in love with a picture. xxi As with Aristotle, the humanists obsession with the word fails to distinguish the self from the other, the subjective from the objective, our linguistic realization of the world from its actuality. Through textually, as opposed to experientially, based learning, Bacon finds that words have become autonomous: instead of facilitating the generation of knowledge, words actually obstruct ones ability to access an objective reality. This epistemology reflects, for Bacon, the mmaturity of the pre-scientific intellect, for the Greeks seem merely the boyhood of knowledge, with the characteristic of boys, that it is good at chattering, but immature and unable to generate. xxii To summarize, Bacon laments that human knowledge is stuck in a pre-sexual stage, characterized by an un(re)productive preoccupation with words that inhibits the encountering of the other beyond the self. The overarching trope that Bacon employs in describing the new stage of human intellectual history is that of male sexual maturation. In considering the above quotation from the preface to his Novum, the boyhood of knowledge that classical uthors represent is marked by impotency: their knowledge, linguistically-based, lacks the ability to sexually encounter Nature, to engage in a (re)productive relationship with a recognized other. This conflation of intellectual and sexual maturity comes through in The Masculine Birth. Here the elderly guide acts as much as teacher as panderer for his young male student. The text indentifies the end goal of the elderly guides instructions as the students ability to engage in a (re)productive relationship with Nature: My dear, dear boy, what I propose is to unite you with things themselves in a chaste, holy, and legal wedlock. Although, as the text presents it, the student has not as yet reached that point of intellectual/sexual maturity, the elderly guide assures the student that once ne nas properly distanced himselt trom Nature he will then be able to bring forth a blessed race of Heroes and Supermen who will overcome the immeasurable helplessness and poverty of the human race. xxiii Bacon, through his character of the elderly guide, defines sexual/intellectual maturation as not Just the penetration of the female other/Nature but also the realization of the social function of this copulation. That is, for Bacon, the sexually/ intellectually mature male subject is one who moves beyond the personal and views his efforts in a public context. In this s ense, both learning and human sexuality most be seasoned with charity. Like the young male who must emotionally separate himself from the female other to properly copulate for the benefit of society, the mind must cleave itself from Nature in order to generate productive knowledge. As Bacon would have the Early Modern subject comprehend his contemporary moment in history, learning, particularly natural philosophy, is about to experience a sexual wakening. No longer will the pre-sexual mindset of the ancient authors confine humanity to mediating its encounter with Nature through solipsistic fantasies. In his Thoughts and Conclusions (1607), Bacon succinctly articulates his identification of ancient Greek philosophy with immature sexuality: Now of this philosophy Aristotle is by universal consent the chief, yet he left nature herself untouched and inviolated, and dissipated his energies in comparing, contrasting and analyzing popular notions about her. xxiv Benjamin Farringtons translation of this unpublished text suggests Bacons overarching indictment of classical philosophy as condemning human learning to a perpetual childhood: in being obsessed with his own mental constructions of Nature, Aristotle allows the human mind to confuse its own fantasy with objective reality and to forgo any material engagement. The notion that Aristotle has left nature untouched and inviolated not only connotes the distance that Aristotle set up between the pre-scientific observer and Nature but also implicitly marks the new adherent of the new philosophy as one who would violate, deflower Nature. The Luxuriant Growth of Nature The correspondence between sexual maturation and humanitys relationship to Nature is a central theme in Marvells Mower poems. Damon, the Mower, The Glowworms, and The Mowers Song chronicle Damons sexual awakening, which, the poems show, has ramifications for Damons perception of his relationship with the meadows. Susan Snyder offers a compelling reading of Damons anxiety over being alienated from Nature that points to the transition of the human subject from a pre-sexual, imaginary state to the recognition of sexual individuality: the overall metaphoric system casts suspicion on sexuality itself. The favored condition here is presexual, with no desire and in fact no discernible differentiation into he and she. xxv The typical Renaissance pastoral Journey, according to Snyder, follows the male protagonist as he leaves a time of unity and allegory to enter into a world of sexuality and death: The Journey is now familiar passage from an Edenic state of natural wholeness through sexual awakening that is also an initiation into individual mortality, which here concludes in a new, negative relation with nature based this time on alienation and death. xxvi The end of the Journey is then separation. Snyder locates this break trom the imaginary stage tor Damon in his sexual awakening brought about by Juliana: Damons song makes apparent the connection between feeling desire and realizing a separate identity. xxvii Sexual awareness then forces one to recognize otherness, and, consequently, the unity of the past, presexual stage is irretrievably lost. My argument here is that as Damon experiences his nascent sexuality, which he initially perceives as an inescapable, preternatural heat that he ascribes to Juliana in Damon, the Mower, not only does he find himself cut off from he reflective relationship that he once enjoyed but also the tropes through which he reads Nature change. To summarize the intellectual shift that I find Damon going through: while the Damon of Damon, the Mower identifies Juliana and the sexuality she comes to represent as external to the meadow, in The Mowers Song the protagonist labels the grasss growth as luxuriant, a word that Marvell invests with sexual connotations a point that I elaborate on further below. Critical discussion of the Mower poems generally characterizes Damon as a solitary pastoral fgure: Damons environment is devoid of any other persons, save Juliana and the wandrring mowers in The Mower to the Glow-worms. Damon imaginatively creates a world that is populated by a personified Nature: the sun that licks off [his] sweat, the eVning sweet that bathes his feet in cowslip water, or the deathless fairies whom he leads in dance (Damon the Mower Ins. 45-8, 61-4). xxviii Yet with Julianas entrance and the recognition of his own sexuality, Damon no longer finds himself co-eternal with his environment. Juliana brings with he r the imperative that Damon must come to grips with his own individuality. Yet this account is only half of the story, as I read it. What scholars of the poem overlook is the fundamental shift in how Damon reads his environment, which reflects the new tropology that Bacon demands for human learning. Damons reading of Nature/ the meadows goes through a fundamental transition along similar lines to those which Bacon demands for human learning. While Damon is not completely aware of his mental transition, Marvell means for the reader to notice and question the new terms on which Damon encounters the meadows. It is not that we are meant to perceive Damon as reaching a truer account of Nature, i. . as a sexual other to be dominated, but instead to itness the consequences of a mind that perceives Nature this way. On this basis, I bring to light Marvells rejection of Baconian thought: whereas Bacon finds the sexualizing of Nature as restorative, through Damons tragedy Marvell avers such a path as isolating and destructive. The opening stanza of the poem finds Damon mourning the loss of the union that once existed between his internal reality and his environment: My mind was once the true survey Of all these meadows fresh and gay (Ins. -2) In this idyllic state of correspondence, Damon could read his world as merely himself rit large; the grass became as a symbol of his own Joy. The meadows were reflective of Damons subjectivity and, when interpreted properly, reveal the similitudes between the human subject and the natural world. This youthful epistemology renders the human subject passive regarding his interaction with Nature. Damon does not concern himself much with the meadows materiality but rather is preoccupied with their metaphorical import: the grasss greenness has significance for him solely when he can see it as connoting his interiority. Notable, also, is the narcissism that underlies Damons worldview. The tundamental beliet ot Damons epistemology that Nature is simply composed of signs through which Damon could read himself creates a knowledge that is inwardly directed. Damons knowledge of Nature, derivesd primarily from a hermeneutics of signs and not an engagement with things, echoes the pre-modern epistemology Bacon finds as more focused on deformed images produced by the unequal mirror of the postlapsarian mind. xix The opening line of the poem further reveals that Damon unconsciously now occupies a fallen postlapsarian perspective. Damon appears incognizant of the ntellectual transition that he has undergone. To claim that his mind was once a true survey of the meadows raises concerns as to the state of mindintellectual state from which he is presently speaking. If in what seems to be the unrecoverable past Damon could read Nature correctly, how is the new relationship that he constructs between Nature and hi mself to be read? Damons opening lament at the loss of his earlier mindset, in which existed a harmony between the external and the internal, I believe, removes the reader from the drama that Damon perceives between himself and the meadows. Damon is ignorant to the full implication of his statement; that is, for him, his intellect has not altered, but rather it is the meadows who have abandoned the fellowship between them. However, Marvell, in distancing the reader from his protagonist, holds up for scrutiny the mindset that Damon now occupies. What has been lost to Damon is not, as he Marvell would have the reader believe, the fidelity of his environment to his internal state but instead his ability to perceive such a relationship. So whereas Damon projects the drama of the poem outwardly onto the meadows, the poem relocates the crisis internally within the mind. Essentially, Damon makes the same mistake as he does when he first meets Juliana, which I discuss immediately below: he misreads his own inner turmoil, his intellectual crises, he misreads as an external phenomenon. In Marvells earlier Mower poem, Damon the Mower, Damons tropology presents Nature itself not only as asexual, but also sexuality becomes a destructive, alien force. In the first poem of the Mower sequence, Damon portrays Juliana as emitting a preternatural heat, which appears destructive for both the Mower and the environment alike: This heat the sun could never raise, Nor Dog Star so inflames the days. It from an higher beauty growth Which burns the fields and mower both: Which mads the dog, and makes the sun Hotter than his own Phaeton. No July causeth these extremes, But Julianas scorching beams. Ins. 17-24) As typical of Damon in this earlier stage of consciousness, the internal and the external blur together: his nascent sexual passion for Juliana Damon projects back onto her the heat that he misperceives as emanating from her only to have it threaten the fields and himself. Ironically, Damons confusion about whether this heat emanates from the hot day, or hot desires, leads h im to seek refuge in the xternal, a cool cave or gelid fountain (Ins. 25-32). His fictional world appears resistant yet vulnerable to the sexual passion Juliana provokes in Damon. The asexual tantastical environment that Damon creates, which ne reads himselt in union witn must exclude Julianas presence. Marvell, like Bacon, appears to raise concerns over pre-modern metaphorical perspective as being solipsistic and non-reproductive. Damons gift to Juliana of a harmless snake disarmed of its teeth and sting (Ins. 35-6) speaks to this asexuality: Damons feckless courting in offering the snake, endered impotent, denotes how alien Juliana and the mature sexuality she comes to represent are to his child-like mind. xxx Likewise, The Garden pivots on this same dichotomy between the sexual and the natural. Stanza Ill imagines this antagonism in the image of the tree scarred by lovers inscriptions: No white nor red was ever seen So amrous as this lovely green. Fond lovers, cruel as their flames, Cut in these their mistress name. (Ins. 16-20) Again sexuality appears as an annihilating force that seeks the ruin or perversion of Nature. As with Julianas supposed preternatural heat, the passion of the fond overs become a cruel ruinous flame inimical to a presexual, symbiotic communion with pristine Nature. Jonathan Crewe correctly points out that sexual desire is foreign to the first pastoral world, and is in effect overwritten on it. In this sense, sexuality becomes an imposition, overtly indicated by the speakers tirade against the luxurious gardener whose lustful acts abuse the natural world in The Mower Against Gardens. xxxi Given that in Damon, the Mower sexuality seems alien from a pre-sexual Nature, The Mowers Song marks a profound shiftstark transition in Damons metaphorical tropol ogical framework. Damons ability to take solace in an interpretation of Nature meant entirely for his comfort is obliterated by the imagined indifference of the meadows. Damon now realizes himself as isolated from Nature, recognizing the boundary between the self and the other. However, rather than giving himself over to a solely material universe, one evacuated of any figurative meaning, Damon delves into a new tropological project. The loss that Damon grieves for, the inability within his new tropological paradigmthis interpretation of Nature to easily blur the subjective and the objective, becomes an motional betrayal by the meadows: the growth of the now unthankful meadows signals that they have forgone a fellowship so true (Ins. 3-4). Watson claims that Damon continues to anthropomorphize his environment only now engaging the meadows confrontationally: He has ceased to intervene with his blade, but his mind is still subjugating the grasses to human purposes: they are mocking him only because he has ceased mowing them, but in another sense, they are mocking him only because he has made them volitional and conscious creatures. xxxii For Watson, h en, what primarily denotes Damons tropological shift is the recognition of Nature as possessing a separate will, inimical to Damons own will. Yet an important and overlooked facet of Damons mental transformation, I argue, is that meadows have now become a sexual entity for him:. But these, while I with sorrow pine, Grew more luxuriant still and fine (Ins. 7-8) This moment when Damon notes the lack of correspondence between his internal turmoil and the grass also suggests sexuality as now being part of Nature. The growth of the grass is now luxuriant, a word that possesses sexual implications,

Data Server Technology - Database Modeling and Implementation For Essay

Data Server Technology - Database Modeling and Implementation For International Parcel Deliveries - Essay Example The paper tells that upon studying the system requirements, it was analysed that the application/business would require capturing 3 different types of details for each transaction: customer details, order details and invoice details and a look up database for obtaining the cost for the each item on the order based on the destination and the item type. Customer details would include a customer id that uniquely identifies each customer, customer name, address, postal/region code and the type of the customer (business/Private). The order details would include an order id that uniquely identifies the each order, order date, item to be shipped, destination details like name and address, destination Company and destination country, order arrival date and departure/shipped date, charge for the order, payment method and the payment status, and the order status. The invoice details would include an invoice id that uniquely identifies an invoice, invoice amount, invoice created and the due dat e and the invoice status. Using these general idea, the conceptual model or the ER (Entity Relationship) model can be created using UML (Unified Modeling Language). From the above requirement analysis, the entities are identified as customer, order invoice and cost. The ER diagram is first defined for each entity along with their attributes as shown in the below figure. Each Customer can have zero/one/more Orders, but no two customers can have same order id (one order contains information for one customer only). Customer/Invoice: Each Customer can place zero/one Invoice and no two customers can have same Invoice id (One invoice is created for one customer only). Order/Shipment: One order can be sent to one or more shipments (shipment here just means number of items but destination is same) depending upon the number of items but each shipment contains information about one order only. Cost/Shipment: One entry in the cost lookup can be supplied to one/many shipment (order id + item no combination) but no two cost entry should be available for one shipment (one shipment contains only one entry from cost entity). Assumptions: The above model is designed based on the following assumption: All the fields entered by the user in the web application are validated for invalid input errors before storing it in the database. Destination field in the web application is filled by the user from a predefined list (may employ a drop-down list) whose values for pulled up from the destination look up table and not by entering the text for destination manually. b) Relational Model: The first step in creating the relational model is normalization. Normalization is the process of eliminating data redundancy and update anomalies (the errors while inserting, updating or deleting the database due to improper relations definitions) in order to efficiently organise the data in the database. 1st Normal Form (1NF): 1NF requires that each group of related items must be stored in a separate table with a unique column (primary key) which identifies each row in the table and all occurrences of a record type

Field Sales Experience Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Field Sales Experience Paper - Assignment Example This is more effective in terms of numbers than by making physical contact since, a phone call takes a sort time and the salesperson does not have to move from place to place. The effectiveness of making sales calls is that it breaks the communication barrier between the salesperson and the client and offers background information on the product and the company, making the follow-ups easier since the client is already knowledgeable. Once the client shows their interest of the product, the salesperson does a follow up on the client, to ensure that the client’s questions have been dealt with, and the client has been convinced to acquire the product. In this situation, the customer will purchase an insurance package from AECI. The AECI offers insurance services for car owners all over the United States. These services are to cushion the car owner from losses in cases of accidents, theft and other events that are unpreventable and may cause the car owner inconveniences. The insurance company offers two packages of car insurance: The Standard Car Insurance and The Prestige Car Insurance Package. In the Standard Car Insurance, the client will benefit from services covered in this package. The services include a 24-hour helpline to assist in times of accidents, motor theft and fixes cars that may encounter problems due to miss fuelling. In the premium service, the company offers breakdown services, roadside rescue and house calls. A car is also extended, to the holders of this cover to avoid inconvenience while the car is being repaired. The other services accessible in this package are included services in the standard package. The salesperson in this case was making the first contact with potential customers to talk to them about the services offered by the insurance company and packages that are available. This was done in order to attract new customers to purchase this service. The first contact is usually the most

Google Bike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Google Bike - Essay Example Our current market research indicates that 20 inch wheel diameter is not comfortable with the majority of the rides; hence we will stoke bikes with wider wheel diameter to beat our competitors. Further, more our bikes will cost relatively low for the first years to attract more customers as we brand our company. Market Research And Analysis Our store will be located in Dallas and California among other mountainous regions. This would help attract more customers. Our team conducted a comprehensive market research and the findings will be applied in making major decisions. The company will stock bikes with wider diameter wheels for good speed and comfort. Currently, our competitors are stocking a 20 inch diameter wheel, and this is not appreciated by the customers. Customers complain of carrying huge amount of cash to such stores in major parts of the US, hence, will incorporate Visa services to enable easy and comfortable transactions. A good number of US citizens suffer from obesity and respiratory complications due to lack sufficient exercise. Google bikes would provide them a good opportunity to burn some calories and maintain good health. The majority of US citizens prefers cycling or walking to work places due to several reasons like expensive fuel, environmental conservation strategy and enjoying the natural weather among others, hence the company will stock quality Google bikes with comfortable design at affordable prices to workers or individual who prefer cycling to driving to work places (Abrams, 216). There is an increasing trend of collages establishment, this would mean increased number of students who prefer cycling to school, thus increased demand or market. Our competitors are prone of running out of stock mores o during summer or other holidays. Our company will adopt a supply chain that ensures that orders are made in good time to limit chances of running out of stock, customers are always turned away whenever they visit any store only to reali ze their preferred item is out of stock. Our biggest competitor will be Mashable Company whose bikes is expensive and uncomfortable, since they come in 20 inch wheel diameter. Financial Plan The latest Good ride’s financial report indicates that the company made a net profit of about $ 3 billion in the year 2012, from the sales of spare parts. To venture into Google bike business, it is estimated that a total of $ 2.5 million will be needed. The company financial team has done the financial analysis and ascertained that the company will employ both equity and debit capital. The equity capital will see the company raise about $ 1.5 million from its asset liquidification or from previous profits. The debit capital would see the company seek about $ 1.0 million loan from regional or national banks among other loaning institutions. It is estimated that the company is likely to make an annual net profit of $2.0 billion from the sale of Google bikes. The company will use 0.005% of the profit to settle the loan, however, the company will seek more loans to further expand the business while repaying the current loan, but all this will depend on the customers’ turn out. Economics Of The Business Currently, there is a good demand of Google bikes from the increasing trend of colleges’ establishment, rise in fuel prices and increase in outdoor activities like picnic, bike riding and bike rides among others. Good ride would take advantage of its competitors’

Hemoglobinopathy for Malaria Protection

Hemoglobinopathy for Malaria Protection Redcells and  anaemia:  What  evidence exists to  support  the hypothesis that  haemoglobinopathies confer protection against  malaria? Introduction Haemoglobinopathies can be divided into two areas, abnormal haemoglobin synthesis and decreased haemoglobin synthesis. Abnormal haemoglobin synthesis is usually a result of genetic defects, caused by amino acid substitutions in the ÃŽÂ ± or ÃŽÂ ² chains of the haemoglobin molecule. Decreased haemoglobin synthesis is also caused by genetic disorders and arise from gene deletions of either ÃŽÂ ± or ÃŽÂ ² globin chains. This group of diseases is called thalassemia. Malaria is a parasite infection caused by the Plasmodium genus. There are 4 types that affect humans, Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparam), Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax), Plasmodium malariae (P. malariae) and Plasmodium ovale (P. ovale). The most common form is P. falciparam, which is responsible for 80% of all cases and 90% of deaths. Malaria affects between 300-500 million people each year and is prevalent in tropical areas where mosquitoes act as vectors for the parasite. Hence, much of research undertaken to date focuses primarily on P. falciparam infection. Upon entering the body the Plasmodium parasite migrates to the liver. After multiplication, they are released into the blood as merozoites. The merozoites then bind to and enter the red blood cell. The hypothesis that haemoglobin disorders confer protection against malaria can be evaluated by reviewing the evidence in support of malarial protection. However, evidence showing that these disorders do not confer protection should not be ignored. Sickle cell disease The protective effect of Sickle cell disease (SCD) against malaria was first described over 60 years ago (Beet, 1946). SCD is an inherited disease, caused by the production of abnormal haemoglobin, HbS. The gene for sickle haemoglobin (HbS) substitutes valine for glutamic acid at the sixth position from the amino terminus of the ÃŽÂ ² chain (Serjeant). Under low oxygen tension, the HbS polymerises resulting in sickling of the red blood cell (haem mal 4). Homozygous individuals for HbS carry the genotype HbSS, inheriting abnormal genes for ÃŽÂ ²-globin from both parents. Without adequate treatment, this form of the disease is fatal in early life. However, heterozygous individuals who inherit one abnormal and one normal ÃŽÂ ²-globin gene are asymptomatic and carry the genotype HbAS. This genotype is known as Sickle cell trait, which various studies claim confers protection against malaria (Allison, 1964, Freidman, 1978) ( ref 1011, haem mal4). The mechanism by which HbAS prevents malaria is unclear and is an area that requires greater research. However, there have been many suggested mechanisms over the years. These mechanisms involve the interactions between red blood cells and parasites, without excluding the role of the immune system. A study conducted by Cholera 2008 examined the role of cytoadherence of parasite and red blood cells. The findings showed that parasite infected HbAS red blood cells showed reduced binding capability to endothelial cells and blood monocytes when compared to parasitized normal Hb red blood cells. This impairment caused by HbAS is caused by a reduced expression of P. falciparam erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), responsible for cytoadherence of infected red blood cells to critical tissues such as the brain. The role of the immune system in resisting parasite infection has also been explored. Increased phagocytosis of infected HbAS erythrocytes in comparison with normal infected erythrocytes was observed ( ref smith et al 2002, akide et al 2003, Roberts Williams 2003 etc Haem mal). Further evidence showing the central role of the immune system has been illustrated by increased protection with age, strengthening the importance of immunological responses to parasite infection. Other mechanisms include the inhibition of parasite growth within erythrocytes by HbS polymerisation caused by low oxygen tension ( Haem mal). Haemoglobin C Haemoglobin C is found in west Africa, and in its homozygous state, referred to as HbCC, causes haemolysis and splenomegaly. Heterozygotes are asymptomatic and display the genotype HbAC. Haemoglobin C arises from a point mutation where glutamate is replaced by lysine at the sixth position of the ÃŽÂ ²-globin chain.   Acquired immunity against P. falciparum was reported in HbC and HbS due to abnormal display of PfEMP1 (Verra et al, 2007). However, studies on HbC malarial protection have produced contradictory results. Some studies claimed homozygous HbCC individuals were protected from developing severe malaria(haem mal) and were also at a reduced risk of malarial infections (modiano et al, 2001, haem mal). ÃŽÂ ±-Thalassemia ÃŽÂ ±-thalassemia is caused by decreased synthesis of ÃŽÂ ±-globin. It is caused by deletion of ÃŽÂ ±-globin genes on chromosome 16 (Yuthavong Wilairat 1993, haem mal). ÃŽÂ ±-thalassemia results in mild anaemia, and lower levels of haemoglobin in red blood cells. Population genetics have shown ÃŽÂ ±-thalassemia to protect against malaria, but similar to SCD, there is no consensus on the mechanism of action. Studies have shown ÃŽÂ ±-thalassemia protects against severe and fatal malaria, whereas parasiteamia is unaffected (72-78, haem mal 3). A reduction in complement receptor 1 (CR1) expression caused by ÃŽÂ ±-thalassemia has been proposed as a possible mechanism of protection. CR1   deficient erythrocytes reduce rosetting of cells, which is associated with severe malaria ( Cockburn 2004). This rosetting of cells mediated by CR1 can potentially obstruct capillaries (Stoute, 2011). ÃŽÂ ²-Thalassemia ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia results in either no or little ÃŽÂ ²-globin production, caused by mutations on chromosome 11. Heterozygotes experience mild anaemia and ineffective erythropoiesis whereas homozygotes suffer from severe anaemia and leads to death without proper treatment (Weatherall,2000, haem mal). Protection in early life from malaria was seen in ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia carriers as a result of foetal haemoglobin levels declining more slowly than usual ( Pasvol 1978). Other researchers reported P. falciparam growth inhibition in vitro (Brockleman 1978) and higher phagocytosis of ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia infected erythrocytes compared to normal erythrocytes. Like ÃŽÂ ±-thalassemia and SCD, there is not yet a definitive mechanism by which ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia protects against malaria and suggested mechanisms put forward until now require greater research. Conclusion By examining the evidence, haemoglobinopathies do confer protection against malaria. However, the protection varies from one disorder to the next as does the level of protection from malarial infection and parasite progression. The protection revolves around the red blood cell which is central to the life cycle of the malaria parasite. The different haemoglobin abnormalities disrupt parasite and red blood cell interactions in diverse pathways, resulting in differing mechanisms of protection and subsequently different levels of protection. The lack of consensus regarding mechanisms involved highlights the necessity for further research. In addition to the possible protection pathways mentioned earlier, the analysis of population genetics cannot be ignored. The haemoglobinopathies discussed have a higher prevalence in malaria endemic regions due to the protection conferred from this lethal parasite.

Man the Hunter Revisited Essay -- Anthropology, Hunting

Man the Hunter: Revisited In 1966, a group of about fifty anthropologists met in Chicago for a conference that would later known as the â€Å"Man the Hunter† meeting. The meeting contrasted with earlier scholarship and presented a Hollywood approach to the topic of early man, one where our ancestors were strong, powerful, and in control of their environment. Anthropologists Sherwood L. Washburn and C.S. Lancaster (1968), both present at the conference claimed, â€Å"our intellect, interests, emotions, and basic social life—all are evolutionary products of the success of the hunting adaptation†. The book Man the Hunter that emerged from the conference forced a re-evaluation of human subsistence strategies and the role of the hunter in human society. Although the idea of man as hunter, and thus exclusive provider, was initially disproved when it was shown that humans also relied on scavenging and were indeed hunted, the theory maintains relevance in modern anthropology. The theory itself p ushed researchers to challenge prior assumptions regarding the role of females in society and helped develop the hunter-gatherer by sex theory that remains in place today. Importantly, whereas the original man as hunter thesis was groundbreaking because it challenged the scientific communities’ prior belief in an ancient man who was primitive and weak, modern researchers have built off of the man the hunter thesis and now debate the motivations for men to hunt. While our human ancestors may not have been the strong, bloodthirsty, killers once imagined by Raymond Dart, new studies conducted by modern anthropologists have revived this famous, yet once discarded theory. The authors who contributed to the Man the Hunter text (1968) concluded, â€Å"to assert th... ... from a more balanced perspective. Given the importance of the theory and its affect on how modern humans view our ancestral past, the studies themselves have exposed the depth of which cultural bias can affect scientific outcome. The male dominated research of the 1960’s produced an image of ancestral man akin to a comic superhero, large, brawny, and dominant. In response, the female literature of the 1970’s and 1980’s discredited the ideas and placed emphasis on the woman gatherer in early society. Likewise, modern research has attempted to distance itself from the bias of the past, however even today assumptions make there way in to the research. While the man the hunter theory may not be headline news in this modern era, present day research approaching our past from a more scientific approach appears to have restored credibility to the once tarnished model.

How has IT affected Society? Essay

The term information technology (IT) refers to anything related to computing technology, such as networking, hardware, software, the Internet, or the people that work with these technologies. IT evolved in the 1970’s and has become a part of our everyday lives. †¢Globalization: The creation of one interdependent system helps us to share information and end linguistic barriers across the continents. The technology has not only made communication cheaper, but also possible much quicker and round the clock. The wonders of text messages, email and auto-response, backed by computer security applications, has opened up scope for direct communication. †¢Creation of New Jobs: Things that were once done manually or by hand have now become easier and faster due to the advent of a computing technology. A whole new field of opportunities for skilled persons has opened up such as web designers, computer programmers, system analyst etc. †¢Cost effective: Information technology has helped to computerize the business process to make them extremely cost effective money making machines. This in turn increases productivity which ultimately gives rise to profits that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions. †¢Privacy: Though information technology may have made communication quicker, easier and more convenient, it has also bought along privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to email hacking, people are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge. †¢Dominant culture: While information technology may have made the world a global village, it has also contributed to one culture dominating another weaker one †¢Loss of personal touch: emails and instant messaging have replaced the old tradition of handwriting letters. †¢Theft of personal information †¢Pornography †¢Unemployment †¢Lac of job security IT use in Mexico has changed since the implementation of NAFTA. Specifically, it appears that the indirect effects of NAFTA have increased investment and foreign firm activity in Mexico, which has ultimately increased IT use. However, the uniform proliferation of IT throughout Mexico, especially among domestic firms and within the more rural areas, appears to be weak. NAFTA, though helpful, could have been more effective in stimulating IT adoption if it were aided by further government interventions and if more focus was directed at building up a more conducive IT infrastructure. Cuba is the Caribbean’s largest and least commercialized island and one of the world’s last bastions of communism. The island’s relative political isolation has prevented it from being overrun by tourists, and locals are sincerely friendly to those who do visit. Cuba’s international telecommunication infrastructure is in better condition and better able to meet current and future demand than their internal infrastructure, although that is also improving. Demand for telecommunication is rising in spite of the economic effects of the loss of Eastern Europe and the embargo. Key industries which generate hard currency (tourism and biotechnology) require communication, and their requirements are being slowly funded. And article covering the effect of technology on the society of Nigeria While students may hunger and yearn for computers they do not have the earning power to buy PC â€Å"While students may hunger and yearn for computers they do not have the earning power – so while the demand will be catalyzed by students it will be actualized by willing parents, wards, guardians, mentors and other well meaning Nigerians who are willing to invest as little as N3, 500 a month in the future of the country†, Omobola Johnson, Minister of Communication Technology says summing up the launch of the Student PC Ownership Programme to equip Nigerian students with computers. Cost effectiveness on Businesses Quicker Communication Theft of personal information The Information Technology Society deals with all aspects of information technology in industry, administration, teaching, research and science. Its primary aim is to promote the scientific and technical development of information technology and its practical application. The ongoing computing and communications revolution has numerous economic and social impacts on modern society and requires serious social science investigation in order to manage its risks and dangers. Each technology has its users and developers. They determine the importance and influence of technology on the consumer. To determine and group the users and developers of the information technology, special properties have to be taken into account.

Subscribe (PUBSUB) network. The WritePass Journal

The network resource optimization work needed to be done in the framework of Publish/Subscribe (PUBSUB) network. Introduction The network resource optimization work needed to be done in the framework of Publish/Subscribe (PUBSUB) network. IntroductionContextual ReviewTechnical ReviewMotivation behind Optical NetworkingMotivation behind PUBSUB modelEconomical and Commercial ReviewProposalProject PlanConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction This paper investigates the ground for the network resource optimization work needed to be done in the framework of Publish/Subscribe (PUBSUB) network [psirp]. This work forms part of the project which will be undertaken in Summer Term (2010-2011) in fulfilment of the Masters Degree (University of Essex). As the project title says â€Å"Lightpaths in Publish/Subscribe Internet Model†, the work is more focussed on developing the strategies for optimum utilization of the optical network to reflect data flows and the decisions made at routing layer of the information centric network (ICN). As the project uses two different networking notions i.e. pubsub ICN model and optical networking concept, this paper researches the background for these fields and tries to argument how they are viable candidates for the future internet. It also explains where the proposed work will fit in big picture. Since 1970’s (ARPANET) [isoc], internet has undergone immense transformations. Internet traffic is growing not just in statistical figures but also in different types of applications it is supporting today e.g. triple/ quadruple play services (voice, video, data). It is being accessed today in different forms i.e. fixed landline connections to WiFi hotspots. Key market players like Cisco predict that data hungry applications like video will remain at the heart of internet usage and will contribute to the majority of the internet revenues [cisco]. Though service providers see these strong earning opportunities, challenges are posed for them to keep customers happy while making optimum use of network resources to serve more customers.   Progress in DWDM and EDFA technologies has spurred the desire of having all optical networks [alca][cam]. Number of networking bodies today are working on building efficient total optical solutions, which are gradually making to the market to l everage the very high transport capacity offered by them (in Terabits/s) [ rat]. Though service providers get away with the capacity constrain with the use of optical transport networks (OTN), they are facing problems managing t the IP layer causing possible performance bottlenecks. Blumenthal et al [blue] has thrown light on some of these problems like host centric design i.e. more focus on host to host connectivity than information being delivered. This imposes lot of overhead (maintaining states) on the multicasting services such as news, IPTV, BBC iPlayer [marco2]. It needs more control information which consumes the data bandwidth. The design, by default favours the sender, giving him/her extra power to disseminate the content to desired hosts; this accounts to unnecessary traffic along with the possibility of untrustworthy content being received. Security and mobility were added as top up components [msc]. Attempts are being made to overcome these problems like moving to IP version 6, New Internet Routing Architecture (NIRA), Translating Relaying Internet A rchitecture integrating Active Directories (TRIAD), Routing on Flat Labels (ROFL) [msc] etc. But all these solutions are still based on underlying IP mattress. Networking experts across the world (Van Jacobson, David Clark, Dirk Trossen) [tow][arg][blue] are hinting for the green field efforts for redesigning the internet by keeping information at the centre of the design and envision this as the internet of the future. This project focuses on deriving the optimum traffic handling strategies for the optical layer in context of the content centric network (CCN). The work will include building simulations for various network scenarios such as different topologies and data characteristics and verification of those with the test-bed. This paper, chronologically, explains the driving factors and motivation behind this work and also looks at its economical and commercial benefits. Proposal section describes the structure, scope and methodology of the project. Work plan breaks down the project into tasks and shows with the help of Gantt chart how are those placed in time.   Finally paper concludes by summarising the outcomes of planning and background study. Contextual Review The contextual review illustrates the technical benefits of this project and also covers the other work done/being done in this area. It also mentions economical impact this will have and tries to foresee the market this work may help. Technical Review The body of this project is placed on two legs pubsub networking model and optical networking. The project greatly benefits from the earlier work done in these areas. As the work related to ICN is still in research phase, it makes sense to have a look at the technical driving factors after it and to re-view the optical network in context of that. One by one, it tries to elucidate the driving factors behind these fields, their advantages and gain of combining them. Motivation behind Optical Networking Due to advancements in DWDM and EDFA, more light wavelengths can be injected into the fibre tremendously increasing the fibre capacity in ranges of terabits [rat]. Research in optical network elements is making them reach longer distances without amplifiers i.e. reducing the network elements and points of failure in the network. Having multiple wavelengths in the fibre facilitates on demand light path creation (using OADM) allowing effective on the fly bandwidth management [rat][marco1]. However changing the network dynamically is risky task and needs better control. The O-E-O switches allow the demarcation of control and data plane yielding greater speed and flexibility in data forwarding plane which is controlled by but decoupled from the routing layer [marco1]. This concept is similar to that of MPLS but as the current network owners are not ready to shred the already deployed equipments to reap their investments, hence Generic MPLS plays important role where the forwarding tables can be shared by multiple forwarding fabrics. Efforts have been made (Eiji Oki et al) [oki] to engineer the IP and optical networks using GMPLS. Their work is more close to the work this paper tries to present but in framework of CCN. Eiji also talks about concept of traffic grooming which is very much relevant. Work done by Marco et al [marco1][marco2] experiment   an optical switching based on various IP properties e.g. in [marco1]the IP packets heading to identical destinations are clubbed and switched together. In previous work, switching is applied to prolonged, huge IP flows. In Paper [marco2] Optical Flow Switching is explored which switches the flows of the IP traffic by dynamically setting up the links. It is similar to the work this paper proposes where switching decisions will be made by the content and its properties. Flow switched optical network creates dynamic pass-through circuits at the intermediate nodes such that the data is forwarded from source to destination at the optical layer without any need to go to electrical layer. Further identical flows can be groomed together [marco2]. This feature encourages lot of equipment vendors and market players because of the economic benefit it offers. It takes load off the routing layer i.e. no need to make per hop decisions as in case of today’s IP networks; forwarding can be performed in hardware and hence faster than routing. This allows network operators to carry more customer traffic with the same infrastructural setup. Motivation behind PUBSUB model The work this paper presents is targeted for ICN. Number of network research bodies and market players together (PERSUIT, PSIRP, CCNx) [psirp][ccnx][needed] are already   working on ICN designs and lot of work is being done in related areas. It does address the problems faced by IP networks and also add some new features of its own as described below. Information centric approach – The nature of the applications is becoming more demanding not just in size and format of the content (like Video and VoIP) but also in timely delivery. But for service providers managing overload of control information and accessing the domain named services is becoming challenge with IP paradigm. Dirk in his paper [arg] points out that keeping information at the centre of the design truly makes sense. It will be easy if the information is uniquely named and distributed reducing the middleware load and making it easy to access [arg]. Receiver focussed design – Receivers have power to choose the type of information they want to receive by subscribing only to that information. This benefits both end users and network providers; it inherently reduces the spam and possibility of attacks at the user end and results in sensible use of the network infrastructure for providers [msc]. Security and Mobility – Security and mobility will be embedded into the architecture unlike the add-ons in IP suite. With expected growth in mobile markets with 4G and entry of devices like smart phones, embedded mobility solution is a great asset for mobile players for efficient handling of their networks [ill][cisco]. Multicasting and Active Caching – In CCN, the edge network nodes actively monitor the content being accessed and caches the same if it is being accessed too frequently. This helps in reducing the redundant traffic through the core allowing fair utilization of the network [msc]. Multicasting is achieved through the innovative concept of zFilter [ill] which is performed at the forwarding layer. This makes it faster with most of the decisions made off the routing layer, which is attractive feature simplifying the task of network configuration. Other work in progress – Apart from PSIRP, project like CCNx and 4WARD [ccnx][4ward] also put forward the notion of CCN for future internet. CCNx tries to get the desired content by naming it in levelled manner and 4WARD tries to find the efficient ways to route the data over heterogeneous networks [ill]. There are some strong advantages of combining optical networks with pubsub model e.g. both of them believe in local decision making than configuring end to end paths. Dynamic optical layer can share the pressure at the routing layer for efficient content delivery resulting in fair use of the infrastructure [marco1]. Economical and Commercial Review Apart from the research bodies and universities, people from the key market players like BT and Ericsson, Xerox [ill][lipsin][ccnx] are also actively involved in the pubsub work, unlike the earlier internet designed by the government bodies [isoc]. This has two advantages; it allows addressing the practical problems faced by these companies right at the design level rather than added as patches later on. When it comes to actual deployment of the researched work, it will have ready acceptance from these industry players and their partners which is a big plus from commercial point of view. The work directly affects to the companies in content distribution network like Akamai, Limelight Networks [cdn]. Inherent smart multicast and caching abilities open new opportunities to them allowing cost-effective data distribution. Further Dirk in his paper [driver] comments that metadata databases in the CCN can be used for pricing the specific services in fair manner. This does not need any burden on data bandwidth such as deep inspection or bid packets to differentiate between the streams. Thus CCN may change the way the end user is charged. Last point worth mentioning is CCN routers consume less electrical energy as compared to the current IP based content distribution strategies like P2P or content distribution networks [green]. Concepts like caching reduce the transit traffic helping in less energy consumption. Also less O-E-O conversions contribute to save the energy consumption at intermediate nodes. Proposal This project falls under PURSUIT [pursuit] which is continuation of the PSIRP project. This project will contribute to the forwarding plane related work of the PUBSUB networks, implemented using O-E-O routers. As PUBSUB uses optical networks in the ground, it is about optical traffic engineering i.e. creating on demand light paths in the network in order to make efficient use of resources. It can be explained with the figurexyz below. NEED DIAGRAM HERE X, Y, Z are OEO routers, inner circle shows the optical layer and outer circle depicts the electrical layer of the network. There is traffic flowing from XY on wavelength ÃŽ »1 and also some traffic from XZ on the same wavelength. After some time due to congestion at node Y, the traffic at Z experiences performance issues. At this stage decision should be made to cut another wavelength ÃŽ »2 from XZ, which is configured as pass-through at node Y so that it does not go to electrical layer and the performance at node Z is restored. Another important decision needs to be taken is when to shut down this light path i.e. if the traffic at node Y has minimised to earlier levels, so that optical layer has minimum number of wavelength to deal with. The decision of cutting a new wavelength will be made based on two things, Size of the content which is going to flow – In CCN, we can know beforehand the amount of data which will flow through the nodes by looking at its metadata. If the data consumes the substantial amount of wavelength capacity then it makes sense to cut a new wavelength. Quality metrics at the intermediate nodes – Some quality metrics at the intermediate node such as delay might make a decision to cut another wavelength when it goes beyond some threshold. So the project fully focuses on creating/destroying new wavelengths depending on the quality metrics at the electrical layer or based on the content. Scope of this project is limited to building simulations and then verification of them using test-bed. The simulations will be performed using proprietary simulator to study the various networking scenarios e.g. for different delay thresholds and topologies. This will yield statistical graphs for number of wavelengths in the network and delay characteristics which can be studied further for optimization. Next step is verification of these results with the help of 3-node test –bed setup as shown in figurexyz. Though the work is limited to 3- node setup, it will serve as a prototype for the further research. The work done can be gauged on two things, The statistical results (graphs) generated from the simulations. Expectation is that, it will generate number of curves for delay vs number of wavelengths which will show some sweet spot where both of them are at the optimum level. Results of the test-bed which will verify the rules of thumbs generated with simulation. Project Plan The project work can be broken down in the following tasks and subtasks. Background Study – This includes numbers of things like, Understanding concept of PUBSUB and Optical Networking Literature Review Project Proposal Study of a simulator – It is necessary getting acquainted with simulator before the project approaches simulation stage. Hence initial time of the project is assigned for it. Generating Representative Traffic Model (RTM) – This step involves defining the data models for PUBSUSB network which will be part of metadata. This will help in identifying huge data flows by reading the metadata content. Identifying Simulation Scenarios – This will decide what type of simulation scenarios to include e.g. networks with different topologies and data stream with different quality metrics and actually running these scenarios to collect the statistics. This can be further broken down in three cases. Modelling network with huge traffic flows Modelling network with different delays at intermediate nodes Modelling network with different delays and different topologies Modelling network with different types of traffic (if time permits) Network Optimization – It is concerned with generating rules of thumb for particular traffic or topologies from statistics collected from the simulations. Test-bed Verification – The rules of thumbs generated from optimization process will be verified for proof of principle using the 3-node test-bed setup. Report writing and presentation – Last one month of the project is dedicated for report writing and for preparing the presentation. Conclusion References Internet Society (ISOC) All About The Internet. (Undated). History of the Internet. [Online]. Viewed on : 2 March 2011. Available: isoc.org/internet/history/cerf.shtml (isoc) Cisco Systems. (2010, June). Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2009-2014. [Online]. Viewed on: 2 March 2011. Available: cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-481360.html (cisco) Content Centric Networking (CCNx) Source. (Undated). Welcome |Project CCNx. [Online]. Viewed on: 2 March 2011. Available: ccnx.org/ (ccnx) (Undated). The FP7 4WARD Project. Viewed on: 2 March 2011. Available: 4ward-project.eu/ (4ward) psirp.org/ (psirp) fp7-pursuit.eu/PursuitWeb/   (pursuit) http://gigaom.com/2007/08/06/cdn-price-wars/ (cdn) Alcatel Optical Networks Tutorial (alca) Arun Somani, Cambridge (cam) The Rationale of Optical Networking (rat) Illustrating a Publish-Subscribe Internet Architecture (ill) Rethinking the Design of the Internet: The End-to-End Arguments vs. the Brave New World (blue) Academic Dissemination and Exploitation of a Clean-slate Internetworking Architecture: The Publish-Subscribe Internet Routing Paradigm (msc) Towards a new generation of information-oriented internetworking architectures (tow) Greening the Internet with Content-Centric Networking (green) Arguments for an Information-Centric Internetworking Architecture (arg) Not Paying the Truck Driver: Differentiated Pricing for the Future Internet (driver) LIPSIN: Line Speed Publish/Subscribe Inter-Networking (lipsin) Optical IP Switching for dynamic traffic engineering in next-generation optical networks (marco1) Optical IP Switching: A Flow-Based Approach to Distributed Cross-Layer Provisioning (marco2) Dynamic Multilayer Routing Schemes in GMPLS-Based IP+Optical Networks (oki)

History 2055 Notes Essays

History 2055 Notes Essays History 2055 Notes Essay History 2055 Notes Essay Safe to say there were millions. Where did they live? 1492: Most lived South of the ROI Grandee two large urban civilizations were in central Mexico and Peru Aztec Incas Empires Stone built cities A lot of citizens Sophisticated people 5 million people or less about the ROI Grandee not wall to wall people north of the ROI Grandee Once they get here What do we call them? Native Americans In the sass they were called Indians Everybody said that until the early ass Meridians distinguished Indians from American Indians American Indians Before the sass people wouldve though a native American was anyone born in the United States In Canada they call Native Americans: Aborigines First peoples First nations They do not use native American or native Canadian. This matters because of how political everything is now! Political Power! Native Americans make up from %% to lo% of the population Dont have any political or economic cloud in the US. What started the name changing trend? Sack the sasss Stanford Indians changed to the cardinals Not the bird, but the color cardinal Social Identity North Dakota Fighting Sue The Sue are not happy with the school mascot. Notre Dame Irish Irish people dont seem to mind at all? Whats the difference? Belonging to society Irish Americans are Americans Native Americans want their land back and dont feel like they are a part of the American population. Dont feel like Americans. Not all Native Americans think alike. Culture of Native Americans Eastern Woodland Indians Mississippi river and east 3 or 4 million people LARGE GROUP You can subdivide them further, but we will Just go with Eastern Woodland Indians You will be able to find an exception to what will be taught. Youll find some that dont fit the rubric. Eastern Woodland Folks Agricultural people Growing one crop in particular Corn That is what everyone is eating and have been eating it for a long time! Corn has been facsimiled Its been here forever Squash, bears, potatoes Very agriculturally dependent. Hunting Men do the hunting Women do the agriculture Except clearing the land They did that by torching it mainly NO IRON MACHINES They are new stone-age people basically Back then they had no domesticated animals like horses, oxen, etc. Stone tools, bone, antler cake a stack, poke noels In teen ground Ana sea Women would harvest these crops When soil ran out they would leave. They were not producing massive surplus. Because of their farming techniques. European farmers tended to stay put, Eastern Woodland Indians moved around a lot. Cultural misunderstandings Europeans would be next door planting and some eastern woodlander would come and claim land. Europeans would be like, hey thats actually our land and the woodlander would be like, Well, you arent here right now. Woodlander men thought that European women were lazy. European women werent harvesting the crops or building houses. European men though that woodlander men were lazy. Woodlander men werent building homes, etc. Its really Just two different styles of doing things. Stereotypes developed early on When it came to numbers (populations) It took about one acre to support an adult for a year. If you had about 2-300 adults, youd need 2-300 acres The tribes were broken up into smaller villages. If you wanted to expand your territory, you had to move on to new territory. Totem poles would mark territory for native Americans A totem pole that had bear heads and fish heads on top of a pole with blood dripping down marked the territory for Baton Rouge with a red stick. We need more territory Wicked be a cause for most wars try to trade for it first, but if that didnt work there was always war scalping was very common in wars form of tropism some might say that it wasnt the native Americans who scalped. Scalping was very rare in European warfare It was the native Americans Hokes-Simian Tribe type Allies? Europeans always tried to find Native American allies as they came to America. Werent many conflicts between Europeans and Native Americans where there were Europeans vs. Natives. It was more of Europeans and Natives vs. Other Europeans and Natives. Fought primarily over land Revenge was common Native peoples north of the ROI grandee didnt really engage in total war the goal wasnt to completely annihilate the entire tribe would go to war in order to get more people instead of making kids the old fashioned way, they would steal other peoples women and kids Prisoners of war would eventually die male captives Never women or children captives. Religion Polytheistic Multiple gods Animistic Belief that gods were in the rivers and wind Nathaniel Pop (Movie character played by Daniel Day Louis) Orphaned Indian Becomes skilled at hunting Mainly shooting things They roasted a British major Nathaniel pop takes his musket and puts a bullet in his head so that he wont suffer from the pain and humiliation Europeans tortured people all the time in the 16th century Especially witches or accused witches Light estimate of witches who died Kick Were torched for religious reasons Native Americans engaged in battle Usually broke down to one on one fights Collective strategy used Ambush Once that ambush started the woodlander would pick an enemy and go for that person Their fighting skills were very annalistic There was a sort of communal approach to life, but individualistic things were going on as well. Choctaws hated the Chickasaws No president, king, etc. Chiefs would be listened to voluntarily. If you are a 19 year old Choctaw and you decide you want to go to battle, you might be humiliated, but wont be forced to fight or kill you. Film reference Dances with Wolves You could make your own decisions when it comes to war and fighting. Ritual Cannibalism When you captured and killed someone you would consume some part of them. Wasnt necessarily extremely popular, but it did happen. More popular in Mexico Aisha tribe would eat their enemies Choctaw pointed out the cannibalism Aisha=the people Choctaws called them matters. Choctaws didnt like them because they were cannibals. Casualties were kept low because you didnt want to wipe out your whole enemy and because of weapons Your less likely to be killed from a spear or arrow wound than a gun wound. Native Americans will eventually get firearms and that will change EVERYTHING!

Property law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Property law - Essay Example Besides, in law the husband and wife scenario brings about the presumption of a resulting trust. However, according to the obiter of Lord Diplock in the case of petit v petit, he articulated that the resulting trust presupposition is obsolete. This view appears to be the case in regard to the Court of Appeal’s ruling in regard to Barbara’s husband, given that there is no appropriate evidence to demonstrate that this opinion can not be refuted by Barbara as would be illustrated by this application. As an alternative, the Court of Appeal has formed a prejudiced state of affairs for Barbara’s husband in regard to his position as a husband and not permitting this plead would be a violation of his human rights laid down in the European Court of Human Rights as integrated by the Human Rights Act 1998 to a just trial Article 6(1) as well as discrimination in Article 14. Barbara’s husband made a full payment for the purchase of Sunrise Lodge. This creates a scenario where he is regarded as the sole owner of Sunrise Lodge. Nevertheless, as Barbara then contributed 30% to the overall total cost makes it legally acceptable for the couples to be considered as tenants in common in regard to the given purchase money. Moreover, by the virtue of providing money to the mortgage, Barbara’s intention meets the basic principle of equity whereby the resulting trust would be presumed. Eventually, Albert sold off Sunrise Lodge and used the proceeds to make a full purchase of another freehold property, Greengables of which the legal title was placed into the joint names of Albert, Barbara and Charles. The registration of the property under the names of all the three parties gives rise to joint tenancy of both the legal and equitable estates. The position at this stage was that both the equitable and the legal estates were held jointly by Albert, Barbara and Charles for he had attained the

Psychological Disorders and Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychological Disorders and Therapy - Essay Example PTSD symptoms can be clustered into intrusive symptoms – flashbacks reliving traumatic experiences, avoidant symptoms – withdrawal from possible triggers (place, event, people) of traumatic experiences, and hyperarousal – the feeling of being threatened always occurring as insomnia, irritability, extreme startle response. Nevertheless, PTSD is curable. Effective treatment to PTSD is a combination of psychoanalysis – a therapy that deals with the patient’s unconscious and repressed memories, and drug therapy. SSRIs are the first line of medication approved by the US FDA as it was proven effective to decrease anxiety, depression, and panic reducing aggression, impulsivity, and suicidal thoughts in patients. a. Features: PTSD is a complex disorder, classified as anxiety disorder (Post-traumatic Stress Disorder par.1) or emotional disorder (Dryden-Edwards 1). DSM-IV-TR described it a â€Å"normal reaction to abnormal events† (qtd. in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder par.1), wherein terribly threatening experiences like rape, military combat, torture, genocide, extreme disasters, etc. have disrupted the patient’s memory, emotional reactions, mental processes, and nervous system (PTSD par.1-2; Dryden-Edwards 1), making PTSD a unique psychiatric disorder, since its diagnosis depends on factor/s outside the victim – a deviance from psychiatry’s general emphasis on factors internal to individuals (PTSD par.2). b. Symptoms: DSM-IV-TR identified six criteria symptomatic of PTSD: (1) Traumatic stressor – patient’s exposure to life-threatening horrifying experiences; (2) Intrusive symptoms – flashbacks reliving traumatic experiences; (3) Avoidant symptoms – withdrawal from possible triggers (place, event, people) of traumatic experiences; (4) Hyperarousal – a threatened feeling always occurring as insomnia, irritability, extreme startle response; (5) Symptom duration – one month