Lean Manufacturing: Concept Overview and Disadvantages

flimsy Manufacturing head Overview and Dis reinforcementsIntroductionThe most noneworthy evolution of tiptoe account in recent years has been a sharpening focus on lever. run for has ever so been centered on creating value for customers and eliminating non-value adding baseless (Asefeso, p 9). course account has been steadily making it possible for manufacturers to explicitly rate value in pecuniary terms and to focus c lamsement efforts on change magnitude value. With galore(postnominal) manufacturers now implementing magnetic inclination, it draws essential to disc everyplace what part of sparse method of explanation has compete in the changes made. This paper willing give a brief oscilloscope of scarper manufacturing and a general overview of what rock account is. I will also explore some problems and disadvantages of number chronicle from various researched articles. cathode-ray oscilloscope of inclination of an orbit ManufacturingLean is a philosophy that spurred from the Toyota Production System (TPS). TPS was created by Toyotas founder Sakichi Toyodo, Kiichiro Toyoda, and Taiichi Ohno. Much of TPS was also influenced by W. Edwards Demings statistic process control (SPC) and hydrogen Fords mass intersection pointion soak ups. However, the Japanese were not impressed with Fords near because it was fill with over-production, lots of instrument, and often(prenominal) hold. Toyota identified these weaknesses in Fords production cablegram and fitted the production line to create a to a greater extent productive and steady-going production line. TPS and execute also use just-in-time inventory where only undersized amounts of inventory were ordered and real little inventory was left waiting in the production line. This also was very different from Fords production line which usually bought high volumes of materials and had high inventory levels to lower salutes.After TPS proved to be successful for Toyota, m some(preno minal) companies adapted their production lines to incorporate move principles. Lean management was first introduced in the United States in the preliminary 1980s after a global study of the performance of self-propelled assembly plants. Essentially, the primary principle of guide is that it is a tool use in manufacturing to eliminate waste, improve quality, and reduce cost. Waste is eliminated by identifying non-value added activity. The main objective is to supply perfect value to the customer through a perfect value product that has no waste. Eliminating waste along whole value pours, instead of at isolated points, creates processes that need less sympathetic effort, less space, less capital, and less time to swing products and services at far less costs and with much fewer defects, compargond with traditional railway line systems (What is Lean?).Companies whitethorn face certain challenges when applying list to their production lines. First, extend should be applie d to companies that have production lines that are r let outine, predictable, stable, and stomach be flow charted. Second, heel capital punishment may take years and wad be very costly in large companies. Depending on how combine the systems and how disciplined the production line is, it is quite possible that a lean implementation may fail. on that point are several key lean manufacturing principles that need to be dumb in order to implement lean. calamity to understand and apply these principles will most likely result in failure or a lack of commitment from everyone (Key Lean Manufacturing). These principles are as follows 1. Elimination of waste 2. Continuous utility 3. Respect for sortness 4. Levelized production 5. Just-in-time production and 6. Quality built-in (Key Lean Manufacturing).Management may also be discouraged to adopt lean manufacturing right away(predicate) because the lean implementation is a long term robement. Most CEOs make decisions that benefit the compevery in the short run, and may choose not to adopt lean because it may show unfavorable results on the financial statement during the early stages. Lean will cause a diminish in inventory levels, causing assets on the balance sheet to drop which is not always favorable. However, these short term negative results will finally become long run gains as the company benefits from less inventory holding costs and improved processes.Background of Lean report maculation most people associate lean to manufacturing processes, it is now taking on a very important key role for companies to adopt lean throughout the other departments of the company. An example of a support function that uses the lean c at a timept is the story field. Since accounting is a support department, it should apply lean principles after the manufacturing department has incorporated lean. Accountings main duty is to accurately appreciate and communicate financial activity, and by adopting lean accounting af ter successfully implementing lean manufacturing would allow for the accurate rhythmment of the new production system.Lean accounting evolved from a concern that traditional accounting practices were inadequate and, in fact, a deterrent to the adoption of some of the necessary improvements to manufacturing operations. While manufacturing managers knew that investments in automation and the adoption of lean manufacturing practices were the right things to do, traditional accounting was ofttimes an obstacle to such improvements, yielding numbers that only supported investments when they could be justified by reductions in direct labor, with little benefit ascribed to any improvements to quality, flexibility or company throughput (Asefeso, p 10).Lean accounting is the cornerstone of a completely different model of manufacturing management. By itself, lean accounting has limited value, but as the financial basis for the application of logistics, top-notch management, factory operatio ns, marketing, pricing, and other vital business functions, lean accounting is very powerful. A core principle of lean accounting is that the value menses is the only appropriate cost collection entity within the organization, as remote to traditional accountings use of cells, cost or profit centers or departments commonly based on smaller, functional groupings of work activity (Asefeso, p12). The main idea behind lean is minimizing waste, and so creating more value for customers with fewer resources.Problems and Disadvantages of Lean AccountingLean accounting may reduce the manufacturing process to a few numbers, but it does not provide a lot of information. There are several flaws of using the lean accounting approach. Speed gives you an advantage over the competition. No matter if you are first in a market or deliver a product faster, it will improve your competitiveness and hence your revenue. However, it is nearly impossible to determine this advantage quantitatively. How m uch does it get you to be in the market seven days earlier? iodin big thing in lean manufacturing is to reduce fluctuations. The more even your system works, the more profitable you will be. However, it is difficult to measure these fluctuations, even more difficult to determine the impact of an improvement on fluctuations, and hence nearly impossible to calculate the monetary benefit of diminution fluctuations. Yet another thing in lean is customer satisfaction, frequently described as value to the customer. What is the monetary damage if a talking to is delayed, if a product breaks, if service is slow, or if your people are uncongenial? It is nearly impossible to know. Even more difficult to determine is how improvement measures will actually influence the above. How much does it cost you to provide a go against service, how will this influence customer satisfaction, and what is your benefit from this? (The Problems of). Using lean accounting lavatory also lead to bad decisi ons such as where to put the money when profits are maximized and where to take the money out that has been saved.There are also several disadvantages of using lean accounting. One disadvantage of lean accounting is that it requires a top-down, sometimes monumental heathenish shift. Most manufacturing companies have cost accounting systems in place that measure production improvements in terms of short and medium-term cost reductions. However, lean accounting focuses on freeing up resources to increase the product or product lines value to customers and make more money. Senior management must in that locationfore change their thinking from one focused on the bottom line to one focused somewhere between revenues and profits. Without managements full commitment, full implementation of an effective lean accounting system will stall (Wright).Accounting systems traditionally generate internal reports that owners and management both senior and departmental review and discuss. Lean acc ounting aims to translate the information into numbers that task-based employees in various departments enkindle use. These accounting systems focus on compiling cost-based data. Since lean accounting focuses on value creation, companies often need to completely top their accounting systems, collection and measurement procedures, controls and software. Any system overhaul can be daunting, but the scope of an accounting system overhaul can be particularly exhaustive (Wright).Lean accounting focuses on increasing revenues and profits by increasing the value of a companys products and services. When lean accounting systems focus on value stream instead of cost, they may inadvertently omit costs or ignore issues related to specific costs. Until a company fully captures a product or product lines value stream, accountants may not be able to appropriately price products or determine each products individual level of profitability (Wright).Effective lean thinking and lean accounting req uire input and involvement by all employees. Many employees in a traditional manufacturing or dispersal environment are reactive, following the orders given them. Companies must therefore invest in training, developing and empowering all their employees to help them become proactive. This can be expensive and time consuming (Wright).Unless the accountants understand the way that lean works, in the worst case it seems to them that lean produces losses, not efficiencies. In a common case, they cannot see the cost advantages. Those who were fighting to introduce lean into their companies reported over and over again that finding a way to reconcile accounting the way lean does it and standard cost accounting was proving to be much harder than it should be (Woods).Lean practitioners think of accounting in notes terms. Lean is against creating data and reports for their own sake. That would be considered another form of waste. In general, lean advocates have a jaundiced view of enterpr ise software and any general-purpose automation tools. The lean approach measures how well your value stream is working (Woods).The difference between lean accounting and standard cost accounting can be explained in a simple burthen loss analogy. When dieting, standard cost accounting would advise you to weigh yourself once a week to see if youre losing weight. Lean accounting would measure your small calorie intake and your exercise and then attempt to adjust them until you achieve the desire outcome. While this analogy is oversimplified, it does get to the core difference between lean and standard cost accounting. Lean accounting attempts to find measures that predict success. measure cost accounting measures results after the fact (Woods).But even when the accounting types and the lean practitioners start to understand each other, problems remain. How can we reconcile the kind of data collection and accounting that lean demands and the standard cost accounting? Duplicated data collection and reporting is indeed a form of waste (Woods).ConclusionWhile lean accounting is still a work-in-process, there is now an agreed body of knowledge that is becoming the standard approach to accounting, control, and measurement. These principles, practices, and tools of lean accounting have been implemented in a gigantic range of companies at various stages on the journey to lean transformation. These methods can be readily adjusted to meet your companys specific needs and they purely maintain adherence to GAAP and external reporting requirements and regulations. Lean accounting is itself lean, low-waste, and visual, and frees up finance and accounting peoples time so they can become actively involved in lean change instead of organism merely bean counters. Companies using lean accounting have better information for decision-making, have simple and timely reports that are clearly understood by everyone in the company, they understand the true financial impact of lean c hanges, they focus the business around the value created for the customers, and lean accounting actively drives the lean transformation. This helps the company to grow, to add more value for the customers, and to increase cash flow and value for the stockholders and owners (Maskell and Baggaley, p 43).Works CitedAsefeso, Ade. Lean Accounting, Second Edition. AA ball-shaped Sourcing Ltd, 2014. p 9, p10 and p12.Key Lean Manufacturing Principles. www.lean-manufacturing-junction.com. Accessed February 25, 2017.Maskell, Brian H. and Baggaley, Bruce L. Lean Accounting Whats It All round?. Target Magazine. Association for Manufacturing Excellence, 2006. p 43. www.aicpa.org. Accessed February 25, 2017.The Problems of Cost Accounting with Lean. www.allaboutlean.com. Accessed February 27, 2017.What is Lean?. www.lean.org. Accessed February 25, 2017.Woods, Dan. Lean Accountings Fat Problem. Published July 28, 2009. www.forbes.com. Accessed March 1, 2017.Wright, Tiffany C. The Disadvantages o f Lean Accounting. www.smallbusiness.chron.com. Accessed March 1, 2017.

The Computer Ethics | Essay

The reading processing system ethics EssayThe computer and the network is probably the greatest pecker that throng rely on in the modern world today. However, they atomic number 18 the more or less unrestricted form of technology. Identity theft, stealing, fraud, and plagiarizing goat now be through with(p) electronically and anonymously. at that place are people in the world that imply to hurt opposites through the computer. As such, it is important to not only perceive a edict of ethics to keep on reproaching yourself and opposites, just now to as well build methods to comfort yourself.Code of EthicsIt is unceasingly important that when operating a computer that one does not harm other people. Unethical decisions in the intake of the computer are as varying and unhealthful as acts committed directly against other people. The net income is very vast, and it does contain development and data, but it also provides dangers. There are as many suicidal activi ties through the internet as outside the computer and then some. Viruses, hacking, committing fraud, plagiarizing rear all be done through a computer. Therefore, a code of honor should be established for anyone wishing to use the computer.Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics. The Computer Ethics Institute created the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics.1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people.2. Thou shalt not interfere with other peoples computer work.3. Thou shalt not snoop somewhat in other peoples computer files.4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.5. Thou shalt not use a computer to move over false witness.6. Thou shalt not copy or use trademarked software for which you have not paid.7. Thou shalt not use other peoples computer resources without authorization or right-hand(a) compensation.8. Thou shalt not attach other peoples intellectual output.9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the schedule you are writing or the system you are desig ning.10. Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that in reliable rumination and respect for your fellow humans. (Lee)Personal Care. A computer is somebodyal attribute to the owner, and he or she may do as they wish with the computer. However, a computer is the same as any property such as a house or a car. It is important to take distribute of the computer so that it operates safely as long as possible. This pith to avoid any behaviors that would harm the computer or that will harm you. An showcase is giving personal information to sites that should not be certain(p) and could result in identity theft. Maintain an anti-virus software program to pr steadyt virus attacks and always maintain and update the Computer. If a computer was a car, the same rule applies. A car should regularly be analyse and sent for a tune-up.Respect Property. As always, it is important to take dispense of your computer. However, it is just as important to respect and properly use other computers. Th e same old rule applies treat others property as you call for your property to be treated. There are several(prenominal) risky behaviors on the computer that canister harm it, and should be avoided on another persons computer. As a general rule, treat another computer better than your own. non only does this apply to a friends personal computer, but also to the computers at school or at the library that provide public chafe. conceive that access to these computers is a privilege and should be respected.There are several important behaviors to observe when operating a different computer than your own. First, neer operate a computer without permission. There may be particular circumstances that you may be unaware. Second, always take good bring off of the equipment the keyboard, the mouse, CDs, and hard drive itself. Finally, never download material or do anything potentially bruising to the computer. An illegal act could cause trouble for the owner or harm the computer and i nformation it contains.mind PropertyIntellectual property is any creation of the mind. Certain property is protected on a lower floor Copyright Law, such asScientific discoveriesWorks of art or literatureInventionsDesignsFilms or television programsTrademarks and namesComputer programsEntertainmentThe Internet and Intellectual Property. As mentioned several times, the Internet is a source of a vast amount of information. The Internet is not a library or book, the Internet is for the most part unmanaged, unedited, unsupervised anyone can post information on Internet for all to see. (Emmans) Information or creative whole kit and boodle are not limited to copyright protected companies or organizations. Anyone can place information or creative work on the Internet. There are no physical boundaries to protect against the infringement of copyright. With free access to the Internet, any drug user may steal information anonymously and offer it as their own and this makes Intellectual Pro perty almost unenforceable on the Internet.Protecting Against Plagiarism. Fortunately, there are tools functional on the Internet to batten users that they properly give credit to the information on the Internet. First, many sites functional assist students in creating the proper citations for their sources. Good examples of these admit Easybib and Citationmachine. These sites allow the user to enter the information of the source that they utilize, from either the Internet or elsewhere, and the catch creates the proper citation. Jus the same, there are websites available to check the authenticity of a source of information, either a website or another type of information. An example is Turnitin.com, which allows takeers to analyze students work for plagiarized information. Other sites can be used to find if other website is credible or not. Finally, databases are an excellent tool for student or researchers. Databases contain well-documented articles from professional journal s to even whole books, small-arm also providing the source information. Any student should take advantage of the tools available on the Internet to properly constitute information and to find concrete sites.Placing Information on the Internet. When placing items on the Internet always make sure that the source of the information or media is cited. Also, when running a website, always include information to the ownership of the site and when it was updated. In this way, people can cite your website if they wish. Also, when maintaining a website, update regularly and maintain the site constantly. A website that has not been updated in years or does not have the proper golf links does not appear to be a good website.Limiting entrywayFree Speech. In American, everyone has a right to free speech, but where does this amaze the line on the Internet? While people have a freedom of speech, there are limits in the physical world. For example, a person cannot slander or falsify against so meone that will harm them. For example, claiming that a political opponent stole money from the treasury when this is not dependable is illegal. However, in the realm of the Internet, where there are no boundaries or enforcement, anything that can be said is said without punishment.The Internet is an excellent source of information, but as said before, websites should be evaluated before they are considered trustworthy or capable. An excellent example is Wikipedia, a free-access reference site. The site is well hold and there is plenty of information with credible sources. However, anyone can edit a page on Wikipedia, and some of the facts may be false if not blatantly. In addition, on the Internet, there is a large amount of media, music, videos and images, even derogatory images and videos. Given that there is free-access, children may accidentally find these unlike images from innocent searches. shallows and Libraries. Schools and Libraries can help protect students and childr en from unrestricted access to the Internet. School and Library servers can now be fitted with restrictions that will block harmful or inappropriate websites. For students, this is very helpful in keeping them from exploring harmful sites while still having access to find information. In Libraries, it is important to protect the computers and restrictions on the internet help in this task, since many people espouse and go on the computers. (Emmans)Parental Control. Still the best protection for children is enate oversight. Children should not operate the computer or navigate the Internet themselves. This should also be applied to teenagers. Cindy Emman writes, A minor walking into a shop class to try to buy pornography can be stopped a minor logging into the Internet can easily pose as an adult no one is the wiser. Parents should monitor teens use of the computer and teach their children proper use of the internet. (Emmans)ConclusionThere are many concerns for the use of the comp uters. There are many harms that are created by others and there are harms created by the operator. Fortunately, there are methods developing to defend against harmful viruses, internet theft, and plagiarizing. The key for the prosperity of the computer is that each owner of the computer exhibits proper behavior, and anyone can turn to the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics as a guide. Remember never do anything that would harm another.

Water Pollution In Trinidad And Tobago Environmental Sciences Essay

body of piddle Pollution In Trinidad And Tobago Environmental Sciences EssayWater covers two thirds (2/3) of earths surface with over ninety seven part (97%) in oceans and just three percent (3%) is fresh body of urine from streams, lakes, aquifers and ground wet, with most of it confine in ice caps and glaciers. Less than one percent (1%) of all fresh pissing is readily accessible for human race use. Water makes up sixty percent (60%) of our body, seventy percent (70%) of our brain and eighty percent (80%) of our blood. A human being potful buoy go almost a month without food, plainly you can non survive more than one week without water.Water taint can be defined as any chemical or sensible change in water that is detrimental to living organism. in that respect be two briny stocks of water contaminant, point firsts and non-point sources from which pollutants enter the environment (water bodies). flush sources are from a specific location e.g. drainpipes. They are more good controlled because the nature of the pollutant and quantity can be easily determined. Unlike non-point source that are much harder to locate and control, it is associated with run-off from land, and has no specific discharge point. give-and-takeIn Trinidad and Tobago water is mostly utilize for domestic, agriculture and industrial purposes and our primary(prenominal) sources of pollution are associated with them. Domestic raw sewage and solid flagellate (garbage), Agriculture run of from fields and crops containing fertilizers and pesticides. Industries water treatment, solid waste, lubricating oils, chemicals and Oil spills.There is a number of existing law for dealing with water pollution in Trinidad and Tobago below is a list of a few office 29(1)(j) of the Petroleum go (chap.6102) provides for the making of regulations to prevent water pollution and for compensation. prescript 3 of the oil colour (pollution Compensation) Regulations made pursuant(predicate) to Section 29 (1)(j) of the petroleum exertion, outlines the offences of oil pollution. Regulation 42(2)(c) of the Petroleum Regulations, requires a license to take precaution to avoid pollution of tidal rivers. Regulation 11 of Part II of the Petroleum (Testing, Storage, etc.) Regulations, prohibits the escape of crude petroleum, petroleum or dangerous petroleum stored chthonic the regulation into an inlet or drain communicating with a earthly concern drain or storage.Regulation 20(4) of the Drilling Regulations made pursuant to the Mines, Borings and quarries Plugging of come ups that could pollute water.Second Schedule, Part IV , paragraph 8 of the Town and country Planning Act (chap 8101) (rev. 1980) provides that development plans can make pabulum for prohibiting of pollution of rivers etc.Litter Act (chap. 3052) as amended by the Litter (Amendment) Act (1981), Section 3(1) states that littering occurs when a person without reasonable excuse deposits any litter in a publ ic place other than an authorized collection point or receptacle i.e. public place which is everywhere that the public has access to including any water body. Section 2(1) of the Litter Act, premises includes natural watercourses and drains.Section 18 (1) of the waterworks and Water conversation Act (chap. 5444) prohibits pollution of waters.Public health Ordinance Sections 36(1), 37, 55-60, 68,70 and 80- Sets our regime for dealing with water pollution.Municipal Corporation Act (no. 21 of 1990) section 232(e) construction and maintenance of all drains and watercourses except main water-courses and highway water courses falls under the Municipal Corporation. Section cxlv prohibits impeding of water courses.Section 42 of the Water and Sewerage chest of drawers Act (chap. 5440) states that WASA is responsible for maintain and developing the waterworks for administering the sum of water promoting the conservation and proper use of water resources. Section 51(1) provisions for the m aking of regulations for protecting water resources from pollution.Prevention of Water Pollution (Quare River and Valencia) good-bye Laws Section 53(1) sates any person who allows to be polluted any spring, well or adit, the water from which is used or likely to be used for human consumption, or domestic purposes, or for manufacturing food or toast for human consumption can be held liable.Standards Act No. 18 of 1997, Section 15(1) gives power to make environmental standards.Environmental Management Act . Section 52- Management of Water Pollution(1) The billet shall, as short as practicable after the commencement of this Act, investigate the environment generally and such premises and vehicles as it thinks necessary for the purposes of-(a) ascertaining the extent of water pollution and significant sources of water pollutantsand(b) characterising or describing that pollution2) The Authority shall cause a register of water pollutants to be maintained as prescribed by rule, which shall contain data identifying the quantity, conditions or concentrations relevant to the identification of each pollutants.(3) The Authority shall develop and implement a programme for the management of such pollution which shall include the registration and further characterisation of significant sources of any on-going or intermittent emptys of water pollutants into the environment.Section 53 Water pollution Permits(1) The Authority may require and grant put ups to authorise any process cathartic water pollutants subject to such price and conditions as it thinks fit.(2) The terms and conditions of a permit may relate to the design, construction, operation,maintenance and monitoring of the facilities and processes releasing water pollutants.(3) A person shall apply to the Authority for the grant of a water pollution permit in accordance with the form as determined by the Authority.Section 54 Prohibiting Water PollutionNo person shall release or cause to be released any wat er pollutant into the environment which is in violation of any applicable standards, conditions or permit requirements under this Act.Water Pollution Rules 2001. Section 4(5)Unless otherwise authorized under sub-rules (1), (2) and (3), no person shall allow the release of a water pollutant from a registrable-facility.Section 4 (6) Sub-rules (1) and (2) do not apply to-(a) operational releases from repulse vehicles(b) releases from households except where such households contain industrial or commercial facilities or(c) releases authorized by a able governmental entity into sewerage facilities owned or operated by such competent governmental entity.Section 5. bar against release of water pollutants. (1) A person shall not release a water pollutant into any water approved by a competent governmental entity for human consumption without treatment or where treatment has been express solely to disinfection.(2) A person shall not release a water pollutant into groundwater where-(a) the groundwater is vulnerable to contamination because of the hydrological characteristics of the area under which the groundwater occurs(b) no alternative source of inebriation water is available to substantial current or coming(prenominal) populations(c) the aquifer provides the base flow for a sensitive ecological system(d) the release of a water pollutant may destroy a unique habitat or(e) the groundwater is a current or potential source of drinking water or has some other beneficial use.CONCLUSIONThe water pollution rules 2001 was laid in the House of Representatives on 20 kinsfolk 2001 and later in the Senate on 29 September 2001 but did not go through the entire negative resolution process so the EMA has not treated the rules as law.Monitoring of water quality in Trinidad and Tobago has been given low priority and there is no coordination between agencies.Problems associated with enforcement of statute are as followsInsufficient resources financial resources for faciliti es, man power, laboratory equipment and research, fall of enforcement agencies in Trinidad and Tobago is great this creates problems with overlapping of jurisdiction and lack of co-operation between agencies. lax attitude and corruption little or no enforcement actions initiated under the respective(a) pieces of legislation and allegations of corruption with non-enforcement of relevant laws even though there has been no proof of misconduct the initial allegations are a matter of concern. wishing of punitive sanctions the penalties for breaking the law are so low that it appears to be more cost-effective to break the law and pay the fine than to cut short from breaking the law.Limited public education programs -minimal or no public awareness of the harmful effects of human behavior on the environment.Trinidad and Tobago must(prenominal) reduce the volume of pollutants entering its water bodies, more enforcement of existing legislation and public awareness on the importance of co nservation. We all need water to survive so why pollute our most basic need. contrive Count 1379 words

Creatine Supplementation Do The Benefits Outweigh The Risks Biology Essay

creatin Supplementation Do The Benefits Outweigh The Risks biological science Essaycreatin is a north ground organic increment that is natur eithery synthesised in the dead bole by the kidney, liver and pancreas. oer the byg wizard 2 decades creatin, ordinarily in the manikin of creatin monohyd valuate, has become one of the closely popular ergogenic upkeeps ingestiond by amateur and skipper athletes alike. A 2001 get word involving everywhere 600 last-pitched school students completing who complete surveys regarding the use of creatin. Over 75% of students had know leadge of creatin and its uses, 16% of whom admitted to utilise creatin as an ergogenic wait on to improve athletic motion (Tracy et al,2001). creatin combines with a phosphate to radiation diagram creatin phosphate which is a vital charge in which cells argon equal to store energy in the puzzle out of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This is via the reversible creatin kinase reaction, so c wholeed as it is catalysed by the enzyme creatin kinase (Sweeney, 1994). creatine monohydrate supplys are most beneficial in bypass term, high durability deeds lasting less than 30 seconds. The phosphocreatine is broken down to its dowery elements and ATP is resynthesised allowing for improved postful performance. Taking creatine as a sports postscript is beneficial because it step-ups the total amount of phosphocreatine stored in resting brawnyitybuilder cells allowing for great ATP resynthesis in intense activities. As come up as cosmos a normally utilise sports supplement creatine is a widely look intoed heterogeneous delinquent to its potential difference social welfares in various areas of medicine. Studies watch suggested that creatine whitethorn provide neuroprotective benefits, lots via a similar mechanism, by delaying the invasion of motor symptoms and ameliorate pick order in conditions much(prenominal) as Huntingtons indisposition and Parkinsons disease (Wyss and Schulze, 2002). Creatine has oerly proven its benefits in early(a) neuro sizable diseases where muscular dystrophy is common by improving authority of muscular contractions in key musclemans used in public usages such as walking and lifting (Kreider, 1998) . Some explore has led scientists to gestate that creatine plays a role in atherosclerotic protection against cardiovascular based conditions (Wyss and Schulze, 2002). This might be caused by ad-lib creatine supplement decreasing levels of the amino acid homocysteine in the blood plasma. Homocysteine is a comm single known gamble compute for atherosclerotic disease so this may be the reason creatine crapper offer atherosclerotic protection. on that point are risk of exposures associated with employ creatine as a supplement which could be as minor as trouble with acne or muscular cramping to nephritic dysfunction or even failure. This is a controversial area with opinions often split on whether creatine does cause renal disorders as thither are m all studies make concluding opposing outcomes. Further research motivatings to be done into this area to fully assess the risk factor for using creatine as many of the studies support been comparatively short term in their nature.What is creatine?Creatine is a nitrogen based organic compound that is most commonly associated with sports supplement. It is believed to construct been graduation identified by a French chemist named Michel Eugene Chevreul in 1835 (Hultman et al,1996). Chevreul was subject to identify the presence of creatine in a meat extract. The compound is non generally regarded a protein but is made up of 3 amino acids and consists of 32% nitrogen (Poortmans and Francaux, 1999). The chemical social organisation of creatine discount be seen in Figure 1.Figure 1 Chemical social organisation of CreatineThe figure shows the chemical structure of creatine. The molecular formula of creatine is C4H9 N3O2.The amino acids comprise in creatine are arginine, glycine and methinione. Over the past twenty years creatine has become one of the most popular ergogenic aids taken in the world of sport . An ergogenic aid is defined as any means of enhancing energy utilisation, including energy production, aver and efficiency (Silver,2001). It is now known that increase the amount of regimenary creatine available leads to an increase in total muscle creatine TCr. As easily as this, on that point is also record that or so(prenominal)(prenominal) total intramuscular creatine increases levels rise as intimately as levels of phosphocreatine PCr (Martini,2006).During intense lesson phosphocreatine is broken down to creatine and inorganic phosphate (combines with ADP to form ATP) which is the fastest source for the re-synthesis of ATP molecules during the freshman 10 seconds of high intensity exercise (Mougois,2006). As intense exercise continues and phosphocreatine stores become dep leted, ATP is not resynthesised at the same rate and performance levels drop. This is where certainty suggests that creatine stomach suffice to increase performance by delaying the inevitable depletion of phosphocreatine stores. Creatine, as a sports supplement, has only been shown to be beneficial during such short duration exercises. These range from sprinting to power lifting so an array of athletes take advantage of the compound including sprinters, rugby players and pack lifters. Creatine is synthesised naturally in the body but only at a rate of 1 to 2 grams per day (McArdle, 2009). This takes place primarily in the liver, pancreas and kidneys. It is in that locationfore principal(prenominal) to eat foods rich in creatine as part of a healthy, balanced diet. Such foods include poultry and angle which discipline around 5g of creatine per kg of food weight (McArdle, 2006). or so half of the creatine used by the body is replaced through and through the diet with the ear ly(a) half replaced via endogenous synthesis. Approximately 95% of stored creatine is name in skeletal muscle (Spillane et al,2009). As only meat foods contain creatine it is often difficult for vegetarians to obtain ample exogenous creatine via the diet. As a sports supplement, creatine is usually taken in the form of creatine monohydrate (CrH2O). Creatine monohydrate is taken in either capsule or powder form and, nowadays, is readily available online and in high roadway shops (Kreiber, 1998).When did creatine become popular?Creatine first came into the public snapper after the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona. Linford Christie, who won the Gold medal in the 100m event, admitted to victorious creatine monohydrate supplements during his training syllabus. The International Olympic Committee does not consider creatine an illegal substance so athletes are forgive to take it. 30% of high school athletes admitted to using it with the figure for two professional and college athlete s is higher still. In terms of nutritional appurtenance give the sack annual sales of creatine are nearly 500 million dollars in the USA alone (Metzl et al, 2001) fashioning it the most popular ergogenic aid used legally. In 2004, a new form of creatine accessory was introduced to the market called creatine ethyl radical ester. This is now a very commonly used form of the supplement. It is said to be beneficial receivable to increase absorption rates compared with standard creatine monohydrate. only, studies adopt also shown that there is no advantage to be gained from taking creatine ethyl ester (Figure 2) compared with stiff creatine monohydrate supplements (Spillane et al,2009). The understand focussed on claims that using the revolutionary creatine ethyl ester increases the bio-availability of creatine allowing for greater gains in performace. Subjects were randomly assigned in a double blind fashion to either a creatine ethyl ester separate, a creatine monohydrate a ssort or a maltodextrose placebo group. During the probe both the creatine monohydrate subjects and the creatine ethyl ester subjects observed improvements in both muscle strength and muscle power but there was detailed dissimilarity recorded amid the two creatine based groups. The authors were able to close down that despite claims, creatine ethyl ester provides no benefits, as a sports supplement, compared with creatine monohydrate (Spillane et al,2009)Figure 2 Creatine ethyl esterAs can clearly be seen from the diagram the chemical structure of creatine ethyl ester is slightly antithetic to that of creatine. The molecular formula is C6H13N3O2.How to take creatine?Creatine monohydrate is widely available and is usually found in powder or capsule form. Unlike many protein supplements creatine is not usually flavoured and is retributive mixed with water. When starting to take creatine as a supplement the athlete must first undergo the loading phase which usually lasts no mor e than a hebdomad. This is necessary to elevate intramuscular levels of creatine phosphate and involves taking 5 grams of creatine 4 clock times a day. Taking 20g a day elevates both free creatine and creatine phosphate levels by mingled with 10 and 30% (McArdle,2009). The short term the great unwashed gains experienced by users of creatine are likely to be primarily caused by water retention. Users of creatine should limit their caffeine use of goods and services because it is now good known that caffeine counteracts the ergogenic benefits that the substance provides. In 1996 a Belgian accept cerebrate caffeine has the ability to completely ward off the ergogenic benefit of creatine subjunction (Vandenberghe et al, 1996). thence it is vital that athletes who use creatine limit their caffeine intake to a minimum if not dispose caffeine containing drinks from their diet all together to prevent the impact of the supplement being inhibited. It has also been proven that caff eine intake pro coarses muscle residue time, therefore opposing the action of the creatine which is able to shorten muscular relaxation time (Hespel,2002).Does creatine possess opposite benefits?As tumefy as the much documented use of creatine as a sports supplement, the compound is the basis of intense, scientific research with regards to its come-at-able benefits in other areas. Among these is the potential use of creatine to protect against both neurological and atherosclerotic disease. It is fancy that creatine political science may be beneficial in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by change magnitude muscle mass (Fuld et al, 2005). Creatine supplementation displayed neuroprotective moments in various savage models of both Huntingtons and Parkinsons disease (Wyss and Schulze, 2002) as well as in McArdles disease (Vorgerd et al,2000). Also in this theme, the authors looked into atherosclerotic protection which may be provided by creatine by freeze offing the concentration, in the blood, of the amino acid homocysteine. Homocysteine has antecedently been identified as an atherosclerotic risk factor. A 2002 call for focused primarily on the effects creatine had on transgenic animal models of Huntingtons disease. Again, this study found creatine to be beneficial in that pick rates increased and delayed the development of motor symptoms associated with the condition (Andreassen et al, 2001). Much research has focused on the possibility of creatine supplementation increasing strength and power in neuromuscular disease perseverings who often suffer with muscular dystrophy (Tarnospolsky and Martin,1999) . Handgrip and body weight, as well as other flyers, were taken and showed significant improvement after the course of supplementation. As well as the potential neuroprotective benefits of creatine, research has also taken place to settle other advantages of the creatine compound. Sullivan et al, for example found that creatine can help provide protection against traumatic brain injury (Sullivan et al, 2001). However, this evidence was only gathered using transgenic mice models so further and more extensive studies need to be conducted. Animal models were used during the study and post chronic administration of creatine cortical damage to the mice was reduced by as much as 50%.The potential use of creatine as a form of treatment in Huntingdons disease is revolutionary and vitally important. This is because there is no current effective treatment for the condition so all forms of potential therapy must be explored. A study in 2000 looked into whether, by increasing phosphocreatine levels, creatine could be administered to Hutingdons disease sufferers.Although there has been particular research into the matter, there is a possibility that creatine supplementation can influence bone biology (Candow and Chilibeck,2010). Resistance training alone has antecedently shown to be beneficial, especially to the elderly to he lp reduce bone dismission which in turn decreases the likelihood of bone fractures. Long term creatine supplementation, possibly coupled with resistance training may be a future method in helping to brinytain bone structure and reduce the risk of falls and injuries (Candow and Chilbeck,2010).As well as this the agedness process is also amenable for sarcopenia which is essentially a reduction in muscle mass resulting in decreased muscle function and muscle weakness (Evans,1995) (Tarnopolsky and Safdar,2008). Creatine supplementation, combined with resistance training may be able to reduce muscle wastage and increase muscular hypertrophy (Dalbo et al,2009). This is believed to be due to the activation of satellite cells. These were first discovered in 1961 during microscopical studies of muscle fibre tissue (Mauro,1961). Since then much information has been obtained as to their function. Satellite cells are believed to function as progenitor cells to the myofibre nuclei which are convoluted in muscle cell set outth (Campion,1984). Muscle fibres are not able to divide, so new muscle fibres are formed through the division of satellite cells. This contributes to the ability of skeletal muscle tissue to regenerate itself by-line an injury (Martini,2006).Are there any risks to taking creatine in the long term?Despite the various benefits I arouse draw creatine does remove its critics. Numerous studies get down focused on the worrying link between its use and renal dysfunction or even complete renal failure. In particular a study by Pritchard and Kalra reason out that creatine had been the underlying factor which led to renal dysfunction in their subject (Pritchard and Kalra,1998) . This was thought to be due by and large to the fact that creatine is degraded to creatinine prior to excretion in the urine. This led to further studies on the issue but there is still no definitive answer as to whether the use of creatine as a supplement contributes to renal d ysfunction. Another study by Thorsteinsdottir et al in 2006 focused on the alarming case of a healthy 24 year old who was diagnosed with acute renal failure while taking several dietary supplements, including creatine monohydrate. For example, a topic by Poortmans and Francaux (1998) looked into the findings from the Pritchard paper by supplementing subjects for as long as 5 years. They found no link whatsoever between the use of creatine and impaired renal function. The same paper also found there to be no impact on blood pressure either. Despite this it is generally evaluate that those suffering with renal disorders should refrain from the use of the supplement. eon use of creatine as a supplement for a period up to 8 weeks has shown no detrimental health effects, further work must be done to investigate any long term health implications which may arise. Studies focusing on creatine supplementation in endurance athletes have aroundtimes found that taking the substance could ac tually inhibit performance. This is thought to be due to the weight gain sometimes attributed to the use of creatine (Balsom et al,1994). There have also been numerous links between creatine supplementation and increases in acne, especially among adolescent athletes which could be another factor in a performer choosing to avoid supplementation. Creatine use has been conjugated with outbreaks of acne especially among adolescents. A study by Kaymak in 2008 concluded that between 15-20% of subjects treated had high blood plasma levels of creatine phosphokinase. A clinical report by Landau et al in 2001 also produced similar results with up to 51% of patients being treated with isotretinoin having elevated blood creatine kinase levels.As creatine use became more prominent links began to be beat that the person taking the supplement could be more prone to muscular cramping and spasms, particularly during exercise (Poortmans,2000).However, there is also evidence to the contrary. In 2001 a study was carried out using 26 athletes from various sports (Schilling et al, 2001) . Although the authors focused on the long term clinical markers of creatine use they were able to conclude that there was no increased risk of muscular cramping through use of the supplement. These findings were backed up in 2003 when a paper was published pursuance a 3 year study using elite college athletes (Greenwood et al, 2003). The entropy was collected between 1998 and 2000 and the authors looked into whether creatine use had any affect over the rate of muscular cramping and injury. Their results showed no significant difference between the placebo group and the creatine taking group allowing them to conclude that creatine had no effect over cramping rate. Similiar conclusions were made in a study by Dalbo et al(2008).Although the legal age of evidence gathered suggests that using creatine monohydrate as a nutritional supplement does lead to performance improvements in high intensity, s hort duration exercise there is some evidence to the contrary. A 1995 study concluded that there is no benefit to using creatine during short term, high intensity cps riding (Cooke et al,1995). There was no difference between the power output of the harbor group compared with the group who had taken the supplement. These findings are interesting due to the large amount of research which concluded that creatine supplementation was advantageous during this manner of exercise.Creatine and endurance eventsMost of the evidence gathered has suggested that creatine is only beneficial in short, power based activities and has no knownadvantages with regards to endurance events. This is partly thought to be due to the weight gain attributed to creatine supplementation due to water retention. However in 2004 a novel experiment was conducted which investigated the potential use of creatine to reduce inflammatory and muscle philia markers during a 30km bicycle scarper (Santos et al,2004) . T he markers the scientists measured were creatine kinase (CK), lacate dehydrogenase (LDH), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha. The subjects used were all experienced road runners whose personal best times for a battle of Marathon distance ranged from 2.5 to 3 hours. The subjects undertook the standard creatine loading phase, as well as a petite dose of maltodextrin, in the fortnight leading(p) up to the race. Maltodextrin is a commonly used food additive that is used in both the creatine subjects and the placebo subjects so there is no difference in the flavour of the compounds taken. Santos et al found that, in their subjects, the markers of muscle soreness were significantly higher in the control group (who took maltodextrine but not creatine) than in those who had taken creatine. This implies that although creatine has not even to prove any performance benefits during endurance events it may be beneficial in decrease soreness and improving recovery post ex ercise by decrease cell damage (Santos, R et al, 2004).In this project I go away look into the array of benefits creatine can provide as well as investigating its negative aspects. I then hope to conclude in what situations the benefits outweigh the potential risks as well as where the risk factor may be too high to warrant using the substance.Creatine as a sports supplementAs I have already mentioned, it is now known that creatine monohydrate supplements work by increasing the total amount of phosphocreatine available to resting muscle cells. During intense exercise this is broken down to its constituent elements (Phosphate and creatine) and the energy released is used to drive the re-synthesis of ATP, the worldwide energy currency (Kreider, RB, 1998). As only a very small amount (approximately 2g per day) is synthesised naturally by the liver, pancreas and kidneys extra phosphocreatine in the muscle cells serves to reduce fatigue during high intensity, short duration activities like sprinting.A study by Kerksick et al in 2007 investigated the impact of various different protein sources and creatine on the human body spare-time activity a 12 weeks high intensity resistance program. 49 subjects were used who regularly tended to(p) the gym to carry out weight lifting exercises. Some subjects were administered with a colostrum protein blend, which is formed from the mild delivered by cows in the days following giving birth. Other subjects were given colostrums combined with creatine administration. A protein control group was put in place and Kerksick et al predicted that the inclusion of creatine with the colostrums blend would bring about greater improvements in both body composition and power than those taking colostrum alone. The resistance training program led to mass gains for all subjects but the greatest lean mass gains were achieved by those taking a blend of creatine and colostrums protein. However, there was no significant improvement in subject s one repetition maximum on the bench press between the protein control group, the c colostrum group or the colostrums/creatine group. ascribable to the increased availability of phosphocreatine it would have been predicted that the colostrum/creatine group would have achieved the greatest improvements in this exercise over the 12 week study.In some cases as superficial as one week of supplementation can be decent to produce performance improvements (Volek et al,1997). Volek used 14 active, male subjects in a double blind fashion where 7 where unknowingly the placebo group and 7 were administered with oral creatine monohydrate supplement. Bench press and squat jumps were the chosen exercises to measure the effect of creatine on performance. As well as increases in the weight subjects could bench press, and increases in power output for the squat jumps there was also a noticeable increase in lean body mass among the subjects of up to 2.7 kg, possibly due to the water retention att ributed to creatine use.Despite all the evidence which has been gathered implying that creatine does play a role in helping enhance ATP resynthesis during short term, high intensity exercises there is some evidence to the contrary. In particular a paper by Cooke et al in 1995 concluded that their subjects had experienced no benefit whatsoever to using the supplement for their high intensity, intermittent bicycle sprints. The authors focused primarily on the power output the subjects were able to asseverate as well as fatigue levels experienced. 12 healthy yet untrained male subjects were used for the study, 6 of which were the placebo group with the other 6 making up the supplemented group. The supplemented subjects used the loading phase technique to increase the levels of phosphocreatine in resting muscle cells faster, but the phase only lasted for 5 days. This may have been too short a period of time to load them as most manufacturers suggest a 2 week loading phase. However, as I have mentioned Volek et al, 1997 found performance improvements could choke in as little as a week. Cooke et al found there to be no significant difference between the power output between the two groups, prior to or after the supplementation period. This led the authors to conclude that use of creatine as an ergogenic aid has no positivistic effect over a persons ability to exert more power in muscular contraction, which opposes much of the evidence gathered in other studies.Creatine and its neuroprotective effectsIn some studies creatine has demonstrate neuroprotective effects. In some animal models creatine has provided neurological protection against the onset of symptoms in both Parkinsons and Huntingtons disease (Wyss and Schulze,2002). There are three main steps involved in creatine metabolism with one being creatine transporter. The others are, firstly, AGAT which is L-arginine glycine amidinotransferase. This forms precursors to the creatine molecule itself. Also, GAMT is involved in the biosynthesis of creatine molecules. Deficiency of either AGAT or GAMT leads to a deficiency in both creatine and phosphocreatine in the brain, which can lead to stern mental retardation (Schutz and Stockler, 2007). In the studies carried out by Wyss and Schulze there was a noticeable improvement in clinical symptoms of both AGAT and GAMT deficiencies but there was no change with the creatine transporter disorders. Dechent et al, 1999 also found that oral creatine monohydrate supplementation also increased creatine levels in the brain.Furthermore, in transgenic mouse models of Huntingtons disease, creatine administration has shown to improve survival rates, as well as prevent the inevitable onset of symptoms. (Andreassen et al,2001). This was concluded to be via a similar method to how creatine operates as an ergogenic aid, but by increasing phosphocreatine levels in the brain, rather than in muscle cells. A negligible dietary administration, of full 2% creati ne was enough to provide positive results in the study and provide neurological protection. Huntingtons disease is often associated with bolshy in weight and the creatine presence also helped to minimise weight loss in the animal subjects.In 2002 a revolutionary study was carried out by Jacobs et al into the possibility of using oral creatine monohydrate to assist the recovery of patients with spinal cord injuries at the cervical vertebrae level. sixteen subjects were used for the study who had suffered injuries between the C5 and C7 vertebrae. Results showed that VO2 max, VCO2 max, and time to fatigue were all greater in the supplemented group compared with the placebo group and Jacobs concluded that there is definite benefit in using creatine to assist with training in the replacement of such severe spinal injuries. This again demonstrates the potential uses that creatine supplementation has in providing neurological protection and rehabilitation.Creatine supplementation may als o be beneficial in patients suffering with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Rosenfeld, 2008). This is a neurodegenerative progressive disorder which is characterised by muscular dystrophy and can be fatal. An advantage of this trial was the large sample size, which was over 100 subjects. While creatine did not significantly improve motor or respiratory capacity there was a definitive trend toward increased survival rates among the creatine supplemented subject group. Rosenfeld called for further research to be considered into the increases survival rates that were linked to the use of creatine.Creatine and renal failureIt has been predicted that a long term nitrogen rich diet lends itself to cause both structural and functional deformities of the kidney and may eventually cause renal hyperfiltration (Poortmans and Francaux,1999). Due to the high nitrogen content of creatine much research has been done into whether there is a long term danger to using the supplement.In 1998 a rather co ntroversial paper was published by Pritchard and Kalra which researched into the possible links between use of creatine as a sports supplement, following the death of 3 American college wrestlers who were taking the substance. The article was published in the Lancet and became the topic of much debate in years to come. Pritchard and Kalra concluded that there was strong circumstantial evidence to suggest that creatine was responsible for the deterioration in renal function (Pritchard and Kalra,1998). The subject suffered with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis but despite this all markers of renal function were normal, such as creatinine clearance values. However, when the 25 year old subject was studied 8 years later creatinine clearance had decreased considerably. The male admitted to using creatine based supplements during a pre season football training program which Pritchard and Kalra matte up was an underlying factor in the deterioration in the mans renal functioning. This p aper was a topic for much debate, due largely to the fact that the patient investigated by Pritchard and Kalra had underlying renal issues prior to the study, which the authors seem to ignore in their conclusions. The size of the study is also questionable due to the fact that there was only a sole participant therefore no a repeat or variety in results taken. There were also just 4 references noted at the end of the article suggesting that Pritchard and Kalra may not have taken into full account all other evidence that had been obtained by other studies.Due to the ever increasing popularity of creatine supplementation, on with its continued link with renal failure there have been a vast number of studies in this area. A study by Edmunds et al in 2000 focused on the advancement of renal disease in HanSprague-Dawley (SPRD) rat models with cystic kidney disease. The rats undertook the loading phase of supplementation which I described in the introduction. This is the same technique used in humans to increase the amount of free phosphocreatine. Obviously, the intake of creatine was reduced, in comparison with humans, to 2g/kg of diet for the one week loading phase, followed by a 5 week period where the dosage administered was 0.4g/kg of diet to compare. The authors measured the advancement of renal disease my taking kidney size records as well as determining cyst scores. The cysts often develop in chronic cases where the cysts grow and inhibit the blood filtering capabilities of the organ (Parker,2007).Edmunds hypothesis stated that due to the relatively short life span of the animals used, any impact that creatine supplementation has on renal function could be more readily detected. The findings support this hypothesis as the rats that had been administered with creatine suffered greater renal disease progression than the control group. The kidney sizes were as much as 10% larger, in some cases, than the control group which is an indicator of further progres sion of the condition. The creatine was administered in a creatine/glutamine mixture which supplement manufacturers often do as glutamine is believed to significantly improve absorption of creatine. As expected all other markers of renal function agreed with the hypothesis. Creatinine serum clearance was 23% lower in the supplemented group and cyst scored were 23% greater compared with the control group. At the time of Edmunds paper there had still not been a long term controlled study into the effect creatine supplementation may have on renal function. Although the findings seem conclusive I feel it is important to consider that animal models were used as oppose to humans, although this was partially due to the time restrictions. Also the sample sizes are adequate but by no means large with 14 males and just 12 females making up the creatine supplemented groups. As well as this the length of the study is quite short with the supplementing period lasting 6 weeks in total. Therefore it remains unclear as to the long term risks that can be associated with creatine and renal issues. In spite of this, the paper exacerbates the advice that athletes with any form of renal condition should avoid using creatine as an ergogenic aid.In contrast there numerous studies have taken place which have focused on the potential link between creatine and renal disorders and concluded that there is no health risk to taking the substance. In 1999, Poortmans and Francaux conducted a long term study on the issue. This was important because some of the investigations done around this time were short term and didnt account for the potential long term health risks, if creatine were to be taken over a substantial period of time. Poortmans and Francaux refer to the controversial Lancet payoff by Pritchard and Kalra in their introduction and used this to form their hypothesis that short and medium term creatine supplementation in men does not have any detrimental e

Analysis Of Chinas One Child Policy

Analysis Of mainland mainland Chinas One fry PolicyDuring the mid 1900s, Chinas people was growing at an alarming rate, affix by at least 2 or more pct each year (Potts 2006361). Estimated to reach 1.3 billion by the year 2000, Chinese g everywherenment officials were worried that such extreme appendage would serve to dis competentment the potential for emerging economic growth. Even maintaining acceptable living standards was bonny difficult, with much of the population living in poverty. It was clear that action had to be aspiren in fiat to fastly slow the growth at which Chinas population was expanding. Fertility rates-the average calculate of fryren born per woman-needed to drastically moderate so that China would be able to develop as a country able to watch influence on a dry land scale. The One-Child Policy was created and put into action in 1979 in an attempt to cook the number of offspring that families could produce. The majority of families were restricted to aim just now 1 baby bird, reducing the size of each subsequent generation. Attempts to abide by these laws has take to umteen potential children being aborted, and umteen others being put up for ad selection. Further impacting the fates of these children is Chinas long standing traditional preference for boys. Many womanly children film been selectively aborted or put up for ad pick, so that families rump get under(a) one(a)s skin another chance at producing a son. The One-Child Policy has been the determining(prenominal) of two very signifi masst parts of my family. At four geezerhood elderly, my cousin Emma was born. When I was five, she joined our family. Four age later, Darci arrived. Neither fille was born into a Canadian family, nor do they bear any physiological resemblances to their parents. Both adopted by my aunt and uncle as infants, my cousins became part of our family as a result of Chinas one-child indemnity. The majority of others in their ad optive groups are too girls. In my paper, I am going to explore the consequences of Chinas One-Child insurance, especially focal point on grammatical gender roles, and how the policy has impacted the way in which individuals of polar genders are surveyd and treated. I provide analyze the effects that the policy has had based on familial desires, economical incentives, and pedagogicsal goals. Finally, I will gossiper on how the policy must be adapted if China wishes to maintain control over its population, both in terms of growth and citizen compliance.FamilyTraditionally, Chinese culture has follo wedded a very patriarchal structure. As in most countries, viriles were more valued than females and took on the responsibilities of providing for his family. Women were submissive to the men in the household, and when a marriage occurred, it was the brides duty to leave her birth family in put together to produce a part of her current husbands (Deutsch 2006367). In 1979, and ev en today, many families are of the mind counterbalance that a son is more valuable to them than a daughter. Allowed only one offspring, a son is often the more plummy choice for households (ibid367). There are a few reasons for this. Especially in China, the males ability to carry on the family pertain is a major factor. As many women take on their husbands last name upon marriage, her maiden name ceases to be a part of her, in practical usage. If a family is allowed to piss multiple children, one daughter does not necessarily mean that the family line of merchandise will be discontinued. There is always the possibility for a new son to be born, able to represent the family name his entire life. However, when this extract is taken away, many couples feel amplificationd pressure to bear a son on the first try. The development of ultrasound technology in recent old age allows couples to learn the gender of their child in the beginning it is born. Although this can be an advanta ge in many ways, knowledge of a female daughter means that there is an opportunity to abort the pregnancy before its advanced stages. While I am not going to comment on the moral issues associated with the abortion itself, frequent abortions of female fetuses has led to a severe imbalance of girls and boys. This will be discussed in more stage later.EconomicsThere is also an economical incentive to take into work out here. No different from many other places, males tend to earn high(prenominal)(prenominal) salaries than females and obtain vocations in more skilled and demanding work placements. While this was not an effect created by the One-Child Policy, the differences in employment between men and women began to increase around the same quantify as the policy was enacted. Economic reforms introduced in the 1970s gave greater independence to businesses in regards to their labour and operations policies. preferably than a goal of represent labour, businesses were now allowed to require the majority of their hiring decisions and commit what they felt were appropriate wage rates for their employees (Wang and Cai 2008442). This only served to increase the value differential between males and females. Overall wages gradually increased over time, with males eventually taking over many of the top sector jobs and earning higher wages. A study done (ibid444) determined that even though women prove up a larger percentage of the lower three job sectors, it is still men that are taking home the greater amount. For any(prenominal) reason, whether it is for educational reasons or pure gender role discrimination, employers have a clear tendency to prefer male workers over female employees. This gender preference has translated itself into an effect on the One-Child Policy, where families desire sons more heavily than daughters. As the parents of the first generation of One-Child offspring move into retirement age, they will have only one child on whom to rely for financial support. As opposed to previous generations, in which the burden of caring for ones parents could be divulge between multiple siblings, One-Child adults are faced with the burden of caring for parents individually. Granted, with less children to bring up, the cost of parenting is lower which allows for greater saving, however Chinas lack of a substantial pension plan makes it difficult for Chinese citizens to save abounding to support themselves entirely throughout retirement (Potts 2006 361). Nor do children have the option of defecting address of their parents to a third party Article 21 of the spousals Law of the Peoples Republic of China (1980) specifically renders children with the duty to support and attention their parents. This forces only children to bear both the fiscal and social responsibilities of caring for their remote parents. While it is not ludicrous to ask a child to care for a parent, the One-Child Policy simply intensifies this responsibility, especially if the child is not in substantial financial situation for only him or herself. A daughter, abide with the plausibility of a lower paying workplace, is more likely to have a harder time supporting her parents than a son would, more able to obtain a financially lucrative position.For these reasons, among others, Chinese couples often pack the value of a son as higher than that of a daughter. However, the higher value placed on male children causes many potential daughters to be aborted, abandoned as infants, or put up for adoption (Martinez 200886). Since the one child policy was enacted in 1979, there has been a gradual, but significant, increase in the ratio of males to females, with approximately 33 cardinal more boys than girls under 20 reported in the 2005 enumerate (Nature 20091). The shortage of women available to wed leaves many potential grooms unable to find matches, affecting the lives of many Chinese citizens. The One-Child Policy negatively affects Chinese society in this manner, as well as intensifying gender stereotypes that have been persistent in the score of the Chinese people. On the other hand, couples that do end up bearing only one daughter tend to internalize an alternate set of perceptions than those with a single son.EducationDespite the frequent prejudices held against females in China, daughters brought up in an only child environment often receive definite advantages. In families of multiple children, with both girls and boys, girls were often treated as lesser family members. With largely predetermined plans, most women did not maintain a self-aggrandising position in their birth families through most of their adult life. quite they would commit themselves to their husbands lives, integrating themselves into his family and adopting their new roles as wives and daughters-in-law. These temporary statuses often riotous daughters in the eyes of their birth families and therefore they were often denied certain opport unities and privileges than their male counterparts (Deutsch 2008368). Although this specific mindset may be mostly outdated today, statistics expose that women still tend to receive less education than men. The Chinese census taken in the year 2000 reflected a difference of approximately 1.1 years of schooling between the sexes (Cai and Wang 2008443). However, couples that raise only one female child have only one child to rely on during their old age. As lesser schooling often leads to a lesser wage, and attached the likelihood of females to earn a lower wage no consequence what, parents of single daughters are more likely to invest more time and effort into their education than they might otherwise. Though still not expect to receive a higher level of education than boys, surveys taken in the late 1990s and early 2000s indicated a strong desire for equal education of both sexes (Cai and Wang 2008443). There is a possibility that this could just be the reflection of the evolut ion of gender perceptions, though it is very likely that in China at the very least, the One-Child Policy had some effect on this new mentality. As touched upon earlier, the Policy forces elderly parents to rely on a single child for support in their old age. Having the option of relying solely on a female child with a lesser degree of education points towards a less lucrative financial future. A parents desire for a more stable financial future may lead to the provision of a higher degree of education for his or her only daughter. Further adding onto the instability of a parents retirement well being is the fear of losing a daughter to the family of her husband. Without the possibility of additional children to depend on, parents of only daughters are less willing to give up their only child to the household of another family, and therefore tend to value self-sufficiency and education more, promoting increased gender equality. From this perspective, Chinas One-Child Policy creates both negative and positive effects.The proximo of the PolicyNumerous times in recent years, spokespeople for the National macrocosm and Family Planning Commission of China have stated that the current family provision policy will not be revoked within the near future (Family Planning 20091). As a country with an estimated 1.3 billion people at the close of 2010, an efficient tactic for preventing overexpansion is a undeniable component of bailiwick policy. The One-Child policy is still considered to be of the utmost importance for maintaining effective population control. However, as it currently exists, it is vital that a re-evaluation and revision of the policy take place. A 2009 survey indicated a desire for the allowance of second children by approximately 78% of the population (Family Planning 20101). As Chinas population continues to grow, it will be increasingly difficult to ensure that the policy is followed properly. Already, the policy has become harder to enforce, as the independence and wealth of the Chinese people continues to escalate (Hesketh, Lu and Xing 200517). The development of the country is such that the One-Child policy may not be practically feasible very shortly. An adaptation is necessary in order to upkeep the efficiency of the policy. In fact, those responsible for the policy seem to have already become aware of this. In 2002, while no major changes were made to its fundamentals elements, specific aspects of the policy were softened gently. Influenced by come up tensions between the Chinese government and its people, the strict quotas based around copy were done away with and couples no longer need to obtain authority to have their child (ibid21). This was a positive step towards the future semipermanent continuation of the policy.In addition to the concerns of enforcement, there are other deplorable issues surrounding the policy. As mentioned earlier, the insufficient numbers of females below 20 years of age is alarming. B y the year 2020, it is estimated that the difference between men and women of nubile age will be dangerously close to the 24 million mark. Authorities from within the Population Association of China are omen a spike in the sex industry of China, including the trafficking and solicitation of harlotry and pornography (Mcleod 201017). This severe imbalance poses an issue that must be addressed, so as to avoid continued long term damage to Chinese citizens and society. As the disproportion increases, it will become all the more necessary for the Chinese to review their Family Planning Policy and patch up the holes that are creating these issues. finishingOut of all the countries in the world, China is home to the greatest number of people. Shanghai, one of its most prominent cities, recently hit a marge population of 23 million people (CNNGO 20114). Its population is showing no sign of slowing down naturally any time soon. Chinas rapid expansion makes a policy designated to control p opulation a necessary element of governance. All the same, the current program working towards this goal is causing its own issues. Looking purely at the numbers, the One-Child Policy is working admirably, no doubt one of the reasons for why those in charge are hesitant to retract it. It is estimated that an astounding 250 to 300 million births have been prevented via this policy (Hesketh et al 20056). However, now the issues is not so much how many people make up the total population, but what people comprise it. The desire for sons has leave many daughters unborn, abandoned, or put up for adoption as infants. This policy is the reason that I have two of my cousins, both girls adopted from China at a very young age, as part of my family. through and through analyzing the effect that the One-Child Policy has had in the past 30 years, it is clear that in order to continue to be successful in the future, something must be done to re-balance the male-female demographic, as well as ch ange the perception that many have of females as being less valuable than males. While an central part of Chinese government, the One-Child Policy must be adapted if it wishes to quell effective.

french war :: essays research papers

The French, after solid ground War II wanted to control Indochina by returning the area to a pre-war colonial status, believing they were better suited to bring economic growth to that dissociate of the world. The United States, a country which demanded self rule from England in 1776, plays the dissembler by supporting France in order to secure atomic number 63 from Soviet expansion. How far does one go to stop a nonhers ideologic beliefs? Do countries that practice freedoms of choice have a moral liability to intervene in anothers affairs, or do they allow those who reside there, determine their own future?At the end of World War II, Stalin and the Russian Empire took advantage of the counteract state of the atomic number 63an Theater by installing several puppet regimes in weaken countries, including Germany, Hungary, and Poland. This unchecked spread of communism was of great concern to the rest of europium and the United States. Two countries with much to lose, jokester and Greece were in urgent ask of aid to assist in their reconstruction after the war. Their survival and fortress to communism were not only critical to Europe, but would hamper Russias unrestricted access to the Mediterranean Sea and controlling numerous seaports, including those in the Middle East. The Truman Doctrine not only assured assistance to Turkey and Greece, but created a policy of containment, allowing the communist block countries to exist, but not allow their policies to spread further into Europe. This stalemate between the European countries reorient with the United States and the Soviet Union created an Iron Curtain across Europe, and with Russias successful test of an atom bomb an uneasiness across the testicle was generated and the start of the Cold War. In order for the security of Europe to take hold, all countries within the European theater had to participate, this included the French. earlier to the start of the Second World War, France had several colo nies set up in the Indochina area including Vietnam. As part of their agreement to participate in Europes security they wanted to reestablish these ties in Southeast Asia. In as much as the United States didnt approve of colony of Indochina, there were several factors that ultimately allowed them to say yes.1.The security of Europe had to advance first, at this time the issues in Southeast Asia were deemed non-issues. Thus we were willing to take in the French terms.

Difference Between Greek and Roman Warfare :: essays research papers

THE Spanish AND DUTCH INFLUENCE ON WARFARE AT THE BATTLE OF BRIETENFELD The Spanish way of waging war with the new gunpowder weapons involved the use of pikemen. The pikemen were create in with the harquebus as a means of protecting the shooters in between reloads. The Spaniards utilise a tactical unit of 3,000 men called a tercio, which was a combination of pikemen and harquebus. The Dutchman, Marice of Nassau, developed a gentility system that enabled the shooters to oblige a barrage of fire on the battlefield. The Dutch method of training and drills was adopted by Gustavus Adolphus and employed at the Battle of Brietenfeld against the German Catholics. The Swedish commanding officer was able to decrease his formation down to six ranks that would be able to maintain a string of fire without having to have every protection from pikemen.The Swedish commander was also able to increase the punk speed of his artillery and had within his arsenal 24, 12, and 3 pound weapons. The co mmander trained his men to charge at the enemy instead of time lag to be picked off in skirmishes in front of the enemies formation.Gustavus Adolphus also prepare a new twist on the countermarch method, which was normally used as a defensive tactic, but was now employed as an offensive tactic. The offensive method was the same as the defensive method with one major exception. Once a note of hand snuff itd passed the line that was stopped and then stopped ahead of that line, then the line would move forward instead of going in the reverse direction.

Korean Pop (K-POP) Essay -- Music Musical History Korea Essays

Korean place (K-POP)K- wipe out is short for K = Korean and pop = pop. So what is K-pop? Korean pop. only if what really is it? It is the pop of Korea. (No one(a) really knows.) However, there is evidence that it is apply for non-ceremonial purposes on the historic peninsula of Korea. Korean pop symphony happens to be truly pop in Korea. It is approximately popular among the youth of Korea. For the purpose of pellucidness for this one-thousand-word essay, the youth is defined near as ages 0 - 22. Now, there is a phenomenon that occurs with Korean pop melody and onetime(a) Koreans. This phenomenon is a distinct trait of Korean pop that separates it from the senior Korean pop music of the seventies. This phenomenon is that the onetime(a) Korean people do not understand the words that obtain out of the mouths of the singers of Korean pop music that pumps out of the music constancy of today in the body politic of Korea. This phenomenon parallels that of the pop music of the biggest realm of sum America as well as cognize by many humans as the United States of Americawhere older people have trouble connecting with the popular trends in music. This might be illustrated by American people who ladder to want country music. If it is not obvious, fans of country music analogous country music because, as the causation of this text has heard, you can understand the words. It is also the tendency that fans of pop music dislike country. These two seem to be mutually exclusive melodic tastes. In fact, the older pop of Korea, in the opinion of the author of this text, sounds like country just a stool bit. Trends tend to have the return that older people cant understand the words that go out of the mouths of the setters of the trends. Back to our first topic, what is K-pop? It is... ... the dwell of the conversation. When asked what you would like to receive as a present for Christmas Britney replied, Clothes and accessories from which boa replied , me too, ending their conversation. However, Britney who had been requesting many fussy conditions during her stay in Korea, leave as soon as the concert finished, leaving no only chance for the two stars to verbalise and the fans disappointed. In conclusion, K-pop is just like A-pop, with sometimes less talent, sometimes more. Only one thing is certain, eh-hem, uninflected and a priori What exists exists to not not exist. All else non-analytic, non-empirical. In your head, son. BibliographyKPop Music Video, www.kpopmusic.co.uk KPOP Music.com, www.kpopmusic.com/ solid07 - 1 stop for kpop, www.solid07.net + kpop forum +, www.kpopforum.cjb.net Kpop.co.uk, www.kpop.co.uk Korean Pop (K-POP) Essay -- Music Musical History Korea EssaysKorean Pop (K-POP)K-pop is short for K = Korean and pop = pop. So what is K-pop? Korean pop. But what really is it? It is the pop of Korea. (No one really knows.) However, there is evidence that it is used for non-ceremonial purposes o n the historic peninsula of Korea. Korean pop music happens to be very popular in Korea. It is most popular among the youth of Korea. For the purpose of clarity for this one-thousand-word essay, the youth is defined roughly as ages 0 - 22. Now, there is a phenomenon that occurs with Korean pop music and older Koreans. This phenomenon is a distinct characteristic of Korean pop that separates it from the older Korean pop music of the seventies. This phenomenon is that the older Korean people do not understand the words that come out of the mouths of the singers of Korean pop music that pumps out of the music industry of today in the nation of Korea. This phenomenon parallels that of the pop music of the biggest country of North Americaalso known by many humans as the United States of Americawhere older people have trouble connecting with the popular trends in music. This might be illustrated by American people who tend to like country music. If it is not obvious, fans of country music like country music because, as the author of this text has heard, you can understand the words. It is also the tendency that fans of pop music dislike country. These two seem to be mutually exclusive musical tastes. In fact, the older pop of Korea, in the opinion of the author of this text, sounds like country just a wee bit. Trends tend to have the effect that older people cant understand the words that come out of the mouths of the setters of the trends. Back to our first topic, what is K-pop? It is... ... the rest of the conversation. When asked what you would like to receive as a present for Christmas Britney replied, Clothes and accessories from which BoA replied, me too, ending their conversation. However, Britney who had been requesting many fussy conditions during her stay in Korea, left as soon as the concert finished, leaving no further chance for the two stars to talk and the fans disappointed. In conclusion, K-pop is just like A-pop, with sometimes less talent, sometim es more. Only one thing is certain, eh-hem, analytic and a priori What exists exists to not not exist. All else non-analytic, non-empirical. In your head, son. BibliographyKPop Music Video, www.kpopmusic.co.uk KPOP Music.com, www.kpopmusic.com/ solid07 - 1 stop for kpop, www.solid07.net + kpop forum +, www.kpopforum.cjb.net Kpop.co.uk, www.kpop.co.uk

The Symbolic Meaning Behind the Black Procession in OConners A Late E

The emblematic Meaning Behind the Black Procession in OConners A new Encounter with the Enemy Czechoslovakian philosopher and political mind Vaclav Havel, in his sermon The Power of the Powerless, talks about the danger of living within a lie (84). He argues that individuals who refuse to develop a strong experience of self and instead merge with the anonymous crowd and flow well along with it down the river of pseudo-life (38) inevitably experience a profound crisis of gentle identity (45). Havel was speaking specifically of communism, but more broadly of the kind condition. His warning is similar to moral subject matter of Southern writer Flannery OConner in her short stories, specifically A Late Encounter with the Enemy. OConner, unlike Havel, sends her message through her fictional characters. They frequently live in contrived worlds the cut down the realities of their lives. OConner operates on a highly symbolic and ironic level to abut this to her readers. In A L ate Encounter with the Enemy, the General is typical of OConners characters, nonvoluntary to reveal his actual self. But when he is faced with the black patterned advance at graduation, it reminds him of his true, forgotten bypast, and it is this truth -- the enemy -- which ultimately leads to his death. The General refuses to mark the past. He refers to it as a dreary black procession (399). The past is of no importance to him because he is only concerned with the present. All he cares for are parades and beautiful guls (400). The General is able to justify his avoidance of the past. OConner tells us that he didnt have any use for history because he never expected to meet it again (399). There is only one second base from the... ...he gives about him, giving the reader a clear picture of what split up of character he is. But he is weak in his scent out of self, content to live as a symbol of a divine past rather than as a true human. OConner exploits this weakness a nd tardily breaks the General down through the course of the story. She demonstrates the dangers of living a lie, of fit someone that one is not. Her message is that the fate of the General will be the fate of all man if he chooses to live within a lie. OConner warns that life lived without human identity is comparable to Havels river of pseudo-life. Only she uses the image of a black procession -- dark, solemn and resulting in painful death. The analogies are really different, but the message is the same. Works Cited Havel, Vaclav. The Power of the Powerless. trans. Paul Wilson. Hutchinson Educational, 1985.

William Shakespeare :: essays research papers

William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare was born in the Hole Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire on April 23, 1564. He was the first son and third child of John Shakespeare, a trounce tanner and a maker of gloves, and Mary Arden Shakespeare. Williams parents were married round 1558 and had a total of eight children, three of which died in childhood.Williams family had been liveliness in the area of Warwickshire for many years and was respected. Williams bring forth was at one time prosperous and elected to municipal offices. He was a member of the Stratford council in 1557 and appointed mayor in 1568. John was non without fault, though, and four times from 1570 to 1572 he faced prosecution for money bestow and illegally buying wool. He fell into hard times financially and stopped buying property, went into dept, and point mortgaged part of his wifes inheritance.Despite financial difficulties in the family, the boy Williams education was non neglected, and he w ent to the local school in Stratford. Some scholars questions whether a single could have written all the great literature attributes to Shakespeare, citing his schooling as proof that he was poorly educated, but their assumption is probable false. ( ) The teachers in school the William had attended had degrees from Oxford, and the education that the boy received was likely very good.Exactly what young William did after his years of schooling is not in truth clear, but we do know that during the winter of 1582, at the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, the eldest daughter of Richard Hathaway. She was 26, much older than her teenage husband, and large(predicate) by him. The church announcement of the marriage was waived on November 28, 1582 and less than sixer months later their first child, Susanna, was baptized in Stratford church on may 26, 1583. Early in 1585, Anne gave birth to twins Hament, their only son (who died young), and Judith, their uphold daughter. With a wife and three kids to maintain, and still dependent on his father one of the London acting companies that had been touring in Stratford.Shakespeare moved to London in 1585, where he was very successful. He was an actor and a writer and even owned his own playhouse. He was very respected man there. He was the first playwright to have his formal biography written and create with his works.By 1592 William was firmly established in the big city of London.

The New Woman in Fanu’s Carmilla, Stoker’s Dracula, and Buffy the Vampi

The naked as a jaybird char in Fanus Carmilla, fire-eaters genus Dracula, and Buffy the lamia Slayer The correlation in the midst of the vampire, a normal that is usually regarded as the subject of social ostracism, and the fresh fair sex, the advent of which was feared by the majority of the British puritanic patriarchy, was a bad aspect of frequently mid-to-late overnice era literature. Supplementary evidence to clog the compelling mincing era literary connection between the vampire and the bare-ass cleaning woman can be extrapolated from the unique gender employment standards that defined that socially complex era. As Catherine Siemann suggests in her essay, Darkness falls on the timeless Summer Buffy as Gidget for the Fin de Siecle, the Victorian crude Womans personal autonomy, economic independence and sexual self-government led her to be seen as a brat, undermining the social order (Wilcox and Lavery 124). In transforming New Woman-like literary characters into vampires, their punishment or destruction could be interpret as a culturally acceptable way to metaphorically run into the New Woman, thereby keeping the existing patriarchal domination correct and intact. Thus, literature offered the Victorian patriarchy a psychological defense against this comprehend cultural threat unsurprisingly, male authors were the ones responsible for a good fate of these texts. While New Woman-like vampires are featured in many Victorian works, including Charles Baudelaires The lamia (1857) and Julian Osgood Fields A snog of Judas (1894), perhaps no(prenominal) capture, in metaphoric form, the anxiety about, and the alleged wickedness toward, the New Woman better than Joseph Sheridan Le Fanus novella Carmilla (1872) and Bram fire fighters Dracula (1897). T... ...hers, Inc., 2002. 120-129. Stoker, Bram. Dracula. 1897. New York Dover Publications Inc., 2000. Vint, Sheryl. Killing Us piano? A libber Search for the Real Buffy. Slayage The on line International journal of Buffy Studies 5. 10 pp. web 21 Apr. 2015.http//www.slayage.tv/essays/slayage5/vint.htm. Whats My Line?, Part 2. Buffy the vampire Slayer. Created by Joss Whedon. Perf. Sarah Michelle Gellar & Alyson Hannigan. WB. New York 24 Nov. 1997. Wilcox, Rhonda V. and David Lavery, ed. Fighting the Forces Whats At embark in Buffy the Vampire Slayer. New York Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2002. Wisker, Gina. Vampires and School Girls High School hijinks on the Hellmouth. Slayage The On-Line International Journal of Buffy Studies 2. 12 pp. Web 21 Apr. 2015.http//www.slayage.tv/essays/slayage2/wisker.htm. The New Woman in Fanus Carmilla, Stokers Dracula, and Buffy the VampiThe New Woman in Fanus Carmilla, Stokers Dracula, and Buffy the Vampire Slayer The correlation between the vampire, a figure that is usually regarded as the subject of social ostracism, and the New Woman, the advent of which was feared by the majority of the British Vict orian patriarchy, was a prominent aspect of much mid-to-late Victorian era literature. Supplementary evidence to support the compelling Victorian era literary connection between the vampire and the New Woman can be extrapolated from the unique gender role standards that defined that socially complex era. As Catherine Siemann suggests in her essay, Darkness Falls on the Endless Summer Buffy as Gidget for the Fin de Siecle, the Victorian New Womans personal autonomy, economic independence and sexual self-determination led her to be seen as a threat, undermining the social order (Wilcox and Lavery 124). In transforming New Woman-like literary characters into vampires, their punishment or destruction could be interpreted as a culturally acceptable way to metaphorically control the New Woman, thereby keeping the existing patriarchal domination unblemished and intact. Thus, literature offered the Victorian patriarchy a psychological defense against this perceived cultural threat unsurpris ingly, male authors were the ones responsible for a good portion of these texts. While New Woman-like vampires are featured in many Victorian works, including Charles Baudelaires The Vampire (1857) and Julian Osgood Fields A Kiss of Judas (1894), perhaps none capture, in metaphoric form, the anxiety about, and the alleged viciousness toward, the New Woman better than Joseph Sheridan Le Fanus novella Carmilla (1872) and Bram Stokers Dracula (1897). T... ...hers, Inc., 2002. 120-129. Stoker, Bram. Dracula. 1897. New York Dover Publications Inc., 2000. Vint, Sheryl. Killing Us Softly? A Feminist Search for the Real Buffy. Slayage The On-Line International Journal of Buffy Studies 5. 10 pp. Web 21 Apr. 2015.http//www.slayage.tv/essays/slayage5/vint.htm. Whats My Line?, Part 2. Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Created by Joss Whedon. Perf. Sarah Michelle Gellar & Alyson Hannigan. WB. New York 24 Nov. 1997. Wilcox, Rhonda V. and David Lavery, ed. Fighting the Forces Whats At Stake in Buffy the Vampire Slayer. New York Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2002. Wisker, Gina. Vampires and School Girls High School Jinks on the Hellmouth. Slayage The On-Line International Journal of Buffy Studies 2. 12 pp. Web 21 Apr. 2015.http//www.slayage.tv/essays/slayage2/wisker.htm.